Abstract
Hydrogeochemical analysis and multivariate statistics were applied to identify flow patterns and major processes controlling the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in the Jianghan Plain, which is located in central Yangtze River Basin (central China) and characterized by intensive surface-water/groundwater interaction. Although HCO3-Ca-(Mg) type water predominated in the study area, the 457 (21 surface water and 436 groundwater) samples were effectively classified into five clusters by hierarchical cluster analysis. The hydrochemical variations among these clusters were governed by three factors from factor analysis. Major components (e.g., Ca, Mg and HCO3) in surface water and groundwater originated from carbonate and silicate weathering (factor 1). Redox conditions (factor 2) influenced the geogenic Fe and As contamination in shallow confined groundwater. Anthropogenic activities (factor 3) primarily caused high levels of Cl and SO4 in surface water and phreatic groundwater. Furthermore, the factor score 1 of samples in the shallow confined aquifer gradually increased along the flow paths. This study demonstrates that enhanced information on hydrochemistry in complex groundwater flow systems, by multivariate statistical methods, improves the understanding of groundwater flow and hydrogeochemical evolution due to natural and anthropogenic impacts.
Résumé
Des analyses hydrogéologiques et statistiques multivariées ont été utilisées pour identifier les schémas de flux et les processus principaux contrôlant l’hydrogéochimie des eaux souterraines de la plaine de Jianghan, qui est. localisée dans la partie centrale du bassin de la rivière Yangtze (Centre de la Chine) et caractérisée par des interactions importantes entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines. Bien que les eaux de type HCO3-Ca-(Mg) prédominent dans le secteur d’étude, 457 échantillons (21 d’eaux de surface et 436 d’eaux souterraines) ont été classés selon 5 grappes à l’aide de l’analyze hiérarchique par grappe. Selon l’analyze factorielle, les variations hydrochimiques de ces grappes sont gouvernées par trois facteurs. Les composants principaux (ex. Ca, Mg et HCO3) des eaux de surface et eaux souterraines proviennent du lessivage des carbonates et silicates (facteur 1). Les conditions Redox (facteur 2) influencent la contamination par les éléments géogéniques Fe et As dans les parties captives peu profondes des aquifères. Les activités anthropiques (facteur 3) sont responsables principalement des fortes concentrations en Cl et SO4 dans les eaux de surface et des nappes souterraines. De plus, le score du facteur 1 des échantillons de l’aquifère captif peu profond croit le long voies d’écoulement. Cette étude démontre que l’information renforcée sur l’hydrochimie d’un système aquifère complexe, par des méthodes statistiques multivariées, permet d’améliorer la compréhension des flux souterrains et l’évolution hydrogéochimique du fait des impacts naturels et anthropiques.
Resumen
Se aplicaron análisis hidrogeoquímico y estadísticas multivariantes para identificar patrones de flujo y los procesos principales que controlan la hidrogeoquímica del agua subterránea en la llanura de Jianghan, ubicada en la cuenca central del río Yangtze (China central) y caracterizada por una intensa interacción agua superficial/agua subterránea. Aunque el agua de tipo HCO3-Ca-(Mg) predominó en el área de estudio, las 457 muestras (21 de aguas superficiales y 436 de aguas subterráneas) se clasificaron efectivamente en cinco grupos por análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico. Las variaciones hidroquímicas entre estos grupos se rigen por tres factores del análisis factorial. Los principales componentes (por ejemplo, Ca, Mg y HCO3) en las aguas superficiales y subterráneas se originaron a partir de la meteorización del silicato y del carbonato (factor 1). Las condiciones redox (factor 2) influyeron en la contaminación geológica de Fe y As en agua subterránea confinada poco profundas. Las actividades antropogénicas (factor 3) causaron principalmente altos niveles de Cl y SO4 en aguas superficiales y subterráneas freáticas. Además, la puntuación del factor 1 de las muestras en el acuífero confinado poco profundo aumentó gradualmente a lo largo de las vías de flujo. Este estudio demuestra que la información mejorada sobre hidroquímica en sistemas complejos de flujo de aguas subterráneas, mediante métodos estadísticos multivariantes, mejora la comprensión del flujo de aguas subterráneas y la evolución hidrogeoquímica debido a los impactos naturales y antropogénicos.
摘要
江汉平原位于中国中部的长江中游地区,区内地表水-地下水相互作用强烈。本文结合水文地球化学分析和多元统计方法识别江汉平原的地下水流模式,并分析影响地下水水文地球化学特征的主控因素。结果显示457个水样(包括21个地表水和436个地下水样)的水化学类型差异不明显,主要为HCO3-Ca-(Mg)型,聚类分析根据水化学特征有效地将这些样品划分为五类。通过因子分析,共提取了三个造成水化学特征差异的公因子:第一公因子为水-岩相互作用,包括碳酸盐溶解和硅酸盐风化过程,控制地表水和地下水中的主要组分(如Ca、Mg和HCO3);第二公因子为氧化还原条件,影响浅层承压水中原生Fe和As的富集;第三公因子为人为活动,常导致地表水和浅层潜水中的Cl和SO4污染。此外,在浅层承压含水层中,水样的第一公因子得分沿地下水流向逐渐增大。本文的研究表明多元统计方法可有效地识别复杂地下水流系统的水化学信息,从而有助于更好地掌握受自然和人为因素双重影响下的地下水径流和水文地球化学演化规律。
Resumo
Análises hidrogeoquímicas e estatística multivariada foram aplicadas para identificar os padrões de fluxo e principais processos que controlam a hidrogeoquímica das águas subterrâneas na planície de Jianghan, que está localizado na bacia central do rio Yangtze (centro da China) e é caracterizada pela ocorrência de intensa interação entre águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Apesar do predomínio do tipo de água HCO3-Ca-(Mg) na área de estudo, as 457 amostras (21 de águas superficiais e 436 subterrâneas) foram efetivamente classificados em cinco grupos por análise de agrupamento hierárquico. As variações hidroquímicas entre esses grupos foram governadas por três fatores da análise fatorial. Os componentes principais (p.ex. Ca, Mg e HCO3) da água superficial e subterrânea originaram-se do intemperismo de carbonato e silicato (fator 1). Condições redox (fator 2) influenciaram o Fe gênico e a contaminação por As em águas subterrâneas confinadas rasas. Atividades antropogênicas (fator 3) foram as principais causas dos altos níveis de Cl e SO4 em águas superficiais e subterrâneas freáticas. Além disso, o valor do fator 1 de amostras no aquífero confinado raso aumentou gradualmente ao longo dos caminhos de fluxo. Este estudo demonstra que informações aprimoradas sobre a hidroquímica em sistemas complexos de fluxo de águas subterrâneas, por métodos estatísticos multivariados, melhoram a compreensão do fluxo de águas subterrâneas e a evolução hidrogeoquímica devido a impactos naturais e antropogênicos.
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Funding
The research work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41472217, 41521001 and 41572226), China Geological Survey (No. 12120114069301), Ministry of Science and Technology (No. 2014DFA20720), and the 111 Program (State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs and the Ministry of Education of China, grant No. B18049).
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Published in the special issue “Groundwater sustainability in fast-developing China”
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Gan, Y., Zhao, K., Deng, Y. et al. Groundwater flow and hydrogeochemical evolution in the Jianghan Plain, central China. Hydrogeol J 26, 1609–1623 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1778-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1778-2