Abstract
Extracted groundwater, 90% of which is used for irrigated agriculture, is central to the socio-economic development of India. A lack of regulation or implementation of regulations, alongside unrecorded extraction, often leads to over exploitation of large-scale common-pool resources like groundwater. Inevitably, management of groundwater extraction (draft) for irrigation is critical for sustainability of aquifers and the society at large. However, existing assessments of groundwater draft, which are mostly available at large spatial scales, are inadequate for managing groundwater resources that are primarily exploited by stakeholders at much finer scales. This study presents an estimate, projection and analysis of fine-scale groundwater draft in the Seonath-Kharun interfluve of central India. Using field surveys of instantaneous discharge from irrigation wells and boreholes, annual groundwater draft for irrigation in this area is estimated to be 212 × 106 m3, most of which (89%) is withdrawn during non-monsoon season. However, the density of wells/boreholes, and consequent extraction of groundwater, is controlled by the existing hydrogeological conditions. Based on trends in the number of abstraction structures (1982–2011), groundwater draft for the year 2020 is projected to be approximately 307 × 106 m3; hence, groundwater draft for irrigation in the study area is predicted to increase by ∼44% within a span of 8 years. Central to the work presented here is the approach for estimation and prediction of groundwater draft at finer scales, which can be extended to critical groundwater zones of the country.
Résumé
Les prélèvements d’eau souterraine, dont 90% est. utilisée pour l’agriculture irriguée, sont capitaux pour le développement socio-économique de l’Inde. Un manque de réglementation ou d’application des réglementations, ainsi que l’absence de mesure des prélèvements, conduit souvent à la surexploitation de ressources communes à grande échelle telles que l’eau souterraine. Inévitablement, la gestion des prélèvements d’eau souterraine pour l’irrigation est. critique pour l’exploitation durable des aquifères et, plus largement, pour la société. Cependant, les évaluations existantes des prélèvements d’eau souterraine, qui sont principalement disponibles à de grandes échelles spatiales, ne sont pas adéquates pour gérer les ressources en eau souterraine qui sont essentiellement exploitées par des acteurs à des échelles plus fines. Cette étude présente une estimation, projection et analyse des prélèvements d’eau souterraine à échelle fine dans l’interfluve Seonath-Kharun de l’Inde centrale. En utilisant des campagnes de mesure de terrain du débit instantané de puits et forages d’irrigation, les prélèvements annuels d’eau souterraine pour l’irrigation sont estimés dans cette zone à 212 × 106 m3, dont la plupart (89%) est. prélevée en dehors de la saison de la mousson. Cependant, la densité des puits/forages, et par conséquent les prélèvements d’eau souterraine, sont contrôlés par les conditions hydrogéologiques. Sur la base de tendances du nombre de points de pompage (1982–2011), les prélèvements d’eau souterraine sont estimés à environ 307 × 106 m3 pour l’année 2020. Par conséquent, il est. prévu que les prélèvements d’eau souterraine pour l’irrigation dans la zone d’étude augmentent de ∼44% sur une période de 8 ans. L’approche d’estimation et de prévision des prélèvements d’eau souterraine à des échelles fines est. centrale dans le travail présenté ici; elle peut être étendue aux zones d’aquifères critiques du pays.
Resumen
El agua subterránea extraída, el 90% de la cual se utiliza para la agricultura de regadío, es fundamental para el desarrollo socioeconómico de la India. La falta de regulación o aplicación de regulaciones, junto con la extracción no registrada, a menudo conduce a una explotación excesiva de recursos comunes a gran escala como las aguas subterráneas. Inevitablemente, la gestión de la explotación de agua subterránea para el riego es fundamental para la sostenibilidad de los acuíferos y la sociedad en general. Sin embargo, las evaluaciones existentes del agua subterránea, que en su mayoría están disponibles en grandes escalas espaciales, son inadecuadas para manejar los recursos de agua subterránea que son explotados principalmente por las partes interesadas en escalas de mucho mayor detalle. Este estudio presenta una estimación, proyección y análisis de una explotación de agua subterránea a escala de detalle en el interfluvio de Seonath-Kharun en la India central. Utilizando estudios de campo de descarga instantánea de los pozos y perforaciones para riego se estima que el volumen anual de riego a partir de agua subterránea para riego en esta área es de 212 × 106 m3, la mayoría de los cuales (89%) se extraen durante la temporada no monzónica. Sin embargo, la densidad de pozos/perforaciones y la consecuente extracción de agua subterránea están controladas por las condiciones hidrogeológicas existentes. En base a las tendencias en el número de estructuras de extracción (1982–2011), el proyecto de agua subterránea para el año 2020 se proyecta en aproximadamente 307 × 106 m3. Por lo tanto, se prevé que el caudal de agua subterránea para riego en el área de estudio aumente en ∼44% en un lapso de 8 años. El enfoque que se presenta aquí es un enfoque para la estimación y predicción de la explotación de agua subterránea a escalas de mayor detalle, que se pueden extender a otras zonas críticas del país en relación a la explotación de agua subterránea.
摘要
抽取的地下水对印度的社会经济发展非常重要,其中90%用于灌溉农业。缺少法规或法规实施不力,加上地下水开采量无登记在册,常常导致大规模公共池塘资源如地下水的超采。抽取地下水用于灌溉的管理对含水层的可持续性和全体社会至关重要。然而,现有的地下水开采评价主要是大空间尺度的,不适合那些用水者小尺度开采地下水资源的管理。本研究估算、预测和评价了印度中部Seonath-Kharun interfluve地区小尺度地下水开采的情况。利用灌溉井和钻孔瞬时排泄野外调查数据、估算了本地区每年地下水用于灌溉的开采量,大约为212 × 106 立方米,大部分(89%)是在非季风季节期间抽取的。然而,井/钻孔的密度及随后的地下水抽取量受到现有的水文地质条件的控制。根据抽水结构数量上的发展趋势(1982–2011年),2020年的地下水抽取量预计大约为307 × 106 立方米。因此,研究区地下水用于灌溉的抽取量预计8年内增加大约44%。对这里论述的工作至关重要的是估算和预测较小尺度地下水开采量,这可扩展应用到乡村的关键地下水带。
Resumo
A extração de águas subterrâneas, das quais 90% são utilizadas para agricultura irrigada, é fundamental para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico da Índia. A falta de regulação ou implementação de regulações, aliada à extração sem registro, frequentemente leva à superexplotação de recursos comuns de larga escala como as águas subterrâneas. Inevitavelmente, a gestão do uso de águas subterrâneas para irrigação é crítica para a sustentabilidade dos aquíferos e da sociedade em geral. No entanto, as avaliações existentes sobre a extração de águas subterrâneas, que estão disponíveis principalmente em escalas mais regionais, são inadequadas para a gestão de recursos hídricos subterrâneos que são principalmente explotados por tomadores de decisão em escalas mais locais. Este estudo apresenta uma estimativa, projeção e análise da extração de águas subterrâneas em escala local no interflúvio Seonath-Kharun na Índia central. Utilizando levantamentos de campo de descarga instantânea a partir de poços de irrigação e observação, o uso anual de águas subterrâneas para irrigação nessa área foi estimado em 212 × 106 m3, do qual a maioria da água (89%) é retirada durante a estação não-monsônica. Contudo, a densidade de poços, e a consequente extração de águas subterrâneas, é controlada pelas condições hidrogeológicas existentes. Com base nas tendências no número de estruturas de abstração de águas subterrâneas (1982–2011), a extração para o ano de 2020 é projetada em aproximadamente 307 × 106 m3. Assim sendo, a predição para o uso de águas subterrâneas para irrigação na área de estudo é de aumento em ∼44% num período de 8 anos. Fundamental para o trabalho aqui apresentado é a abordagem utilizada para a estimativa e predição do uso de águas subterrâneas em escalas mais locais, que pode ser estendida para zonas críticas em águas subterrâneas do país.
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08 August 2017
An erratum to this article has been published.
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We would like to thank the associate editor, and S. Massuel (Institute of Research for Development, France) and two other anonymous reviewers, for their insightful comments and helpful suggestions on the manuscript.
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An erratum to this article is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1645-6.
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Ray, R.K., Syed, T.H., Saha, D. et al. Assessment of village-wise groundwater draft for irrigation: a field-based study in hard-rock aquifers of central India. Hydrogeol J 25, 2513–2525 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1625-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1625-x