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Analysis of geological structure and anthropological factors affecting arsenic distribution in the Lahore aquifer, Pakistan

Analyse de la structure géologique et des facteurs anthropiques affectant la distribution de l’arsenic dans l’aquifère de Lahore, au Pakistan

Análisis de la estructura geológica y factores antropológicos que afectan a la distribución de arsénico en el acuífero Lahore, Pakistán

巴基斯坦拉合尔含水层中地质构造及影响砷分布的人类因素分析

Análise da estrutura geológica e fatores antropológicos afetando a distribuição de arsênico no aquífero Lahore, Paquistão

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Abstract

This study investigated the potential factors affecting arsenic concentration in the groundwater system of Lahore, Pakistan. The effects of several factors such as population density (PD), pumping rate (PR), impermeable land use (LU), surface elevation (SE), and water-table elevation (WL) on arsenic concentration were studied in 101 union councils of Lahore. Forty single and multi-factor models were established using geographic information system (GIS) techniques to develop an arsenic contamination map and to investigate the most effective combinations among factors. Additionally, statistical tests were used to evaluate arsenic concentration between classes of the same single factor. The arsenic concentration in the Lahore aquifer varied from 0.001 to 0.143 mg L−1. The highest arsenic concentrations were detected in the Walled City and the town of Shahdara. Among the 40 raster models, groundwater arsenic concentration showed the best matching frequency with single-factor models for PD (50.70 %) and SE (47 %). Thus, PD and SE were used to develop an arsenic distribution raster map, and they were also used to study the effect of aquifer depth on arsenic concentration. PD was found to have hidden latent variables such as PR and LU. The shallow aquifer depth was negatively correlated with arsenic concentration (r = −0.23) and positively with PR (r = 0.15). Therefore, when there was high PR in wells with smaller aquifer depth, the arsenic concentration was high. The existing water treatment and alternative water resources are good options, which should be developed to deal with Lahore wells contaminated with arsenic at high concentrations.

Résumé

Cette étude a examiné les facteurs potentiels affectant la concentration d’arsenic dans le système des eaux souterraines de Lahore au Pakistan. Les effets de plusieurs facteurs, tels que la densité de la population (PD), le débit de pompage (PR), l’utilisation des terres imperméables (LU), l’altitude des surfaces (SE), et le niveau piézométrique (WL) sur la concentration en arsenic ont été étudiés dans 101 conseils syndicaux de Lahore. Quarante modèles simples et multi-facteurs ont été établis en utilisant les techniques du système d’information géographique afin d’établir une carte de la contamination en arsenic et d’étudier les combinaisons les plus efficaces entre les facteurs. En outre, les tests statistiques ont été utilisés pour évaluer la concentration d’arsenic entre les classes d’un même facteur. La concentration d’arsenic dans l’aquifère de Lahore est comprise entre 0.001 et 0.143 mg L−1. Les concentrations d’arsenic les plus élevées ont été détectées dans la ville fortifiée et de Shahdara. Parmi les 40 modèles à quadrillage, la concentration en arsenic des eaux souterraines a montré que la meilleure fréquence de correspondance avec les modèles à facteur unique pour PD (50.70 %) et SE (47 %). Ainsi, PD et SE ont été utilisés pour développer une carte à quadrillage de la distribution de l’arsenic, et ont également été utilisés pour étudier l’effet de la profondeur de l’aquifère sur la concentration en arsenic. Il a été trouvé que PD est un facteur qui masque des variables latentes, telles que PR et LU. La profondeur de l’aquifère superficiel était corrélée négativement avec la concentration en arsenic (r = −0.23) et positivement avec PR (r = 0.15). Par conséquent, lorsque PR est élevé dans les puits et que la profondeur de l’aquifère est la plus petite, la concentration en arsenic est élevée. Le traitement de l’eau existant et les ressources alternatives en eau sont de bonnes options, qui devraient être développées pour faire face aux puits contaminés à l’arsenic à des concentrations élevées à Lahore.

Resumen

Este estudio investigó los posibles factores que afectan la concentración de arsénico en el sistema de aguas subterráneas de Lahore, Pakistán. Se estudiaron los efectos de varios factores, tales como la densidad de población (PD), caudal de bombeo (PR), el uso del suelo impermeable (LU), elevación de la superficie (SE), y la elevación de la capa freática (WL) en la concentración de arsénico en 101 aldeas de Lahore. Se verificaron cuarenta modelos de uno o varios de los factores utilizando técnicas de sistema de información geográfica (GIS) para desarrollar un mapa de la contaminación por arsénico y para investigar las combinaciones más eficaces entre los factores. Además, se utilizaron pruebas estadísticas para evaluar la concentración de arsénico entre las clases del mismo factor. La concentración de arsénico en el acuífero Lahore varió desde 0.001 hasta 0.143 mg L−1. Las mayores concentraciones de arsénico se detectaron en la Walled City y Shahdara Town. Entre los 40 modelos raster, la concentración de arsénico del agua subterránea mostró la mejor frecuencia coincidente con los modelos de un solo factor para la PD (50.70 %) y SE (47 %). Por lo tanto, PD y SE se utilizaron para desarrollar un mapa raster de distribución de arsénico, y también se utilizaron para estudiar el efecto de la profundidad del acuífero en la concentración de arsénico. Se encontró que en PD y LU se han ocultado variables latentes, tales como PR y LU. La profundidad acuífero superficial se correlacionó negativamente con la concentración de arsénico (r = −0.23) y positivamente con PR (r = 0.15). Por lo tanto, cuando había un alto PR en los pozos con menores profundidades del acuífero, la concentración de arsénico fue alta. El tratamiento del agua existente y los recursos hídricos alternativos son buenas opciones, que se deben desarrollar para hacer frente a los pozos contaminados con altas concentraciones de arsénico en Lahore.

摘要

此项研究调查了影响巴基斯坦拉合尔地下水系统砷分布的潜在因素。在拉合尔101个社区研究了若干个对砷分布有影响的因素,诸如人口密度、抽水量、不透水性的土地利用、地表高程及水位高程。利用地理信息系统技术建立了40个单个因素及多重因素模型,绘制了砷污染图,研究了这些因素最有效的组合。另外,利用统计实验评估了相同单一因素级别之间的砷浓度。拉合尔含水层中的砷浓度从0.001到0.143 mg L−1不等。在Walled市和Shahdara镇检测出的砷浓度最高。在40个栅格模型中,地下水砷浓度显示出了人口密度(50.70 %)和地表高程(47 %)单个因素模型的最佳匹配频率。因此,人口密度和地表高程用来绘制砷分布栅格图,还用来研究含水层深度对砷浓度的影响。发现人口密度具有隐伏的潜在变量,如抽水量和不透水性的土地利用。浅层含水层深度与砷浓度(r = −0.23)负相关,与抽水量(r = 0.15)正相关。因此,当抽水量很大而含水层深度较小时,砷浓度就很大。现有的水处理及供选择的水资源是很好的选项,应当进一步研究这些选项以处理拉合尔遭受高浓度砷污染的水井。

Resumo

Esse estudo investigou os potenciais fatores que afetam a concentração de arsênico no sistema de águas subterrâneas de Lahore, Paquistão. Os efeitos de vários fatores, como a densidade populacional (DP), taxa de bombeamento (TB), impermeabilização do solo (IS), elevação da superfície (ES), altura do lençol freático (ALF) na concentração de arsénio foram estudados em 101 conselhos da união de Lahore. Quarenta modelos individuais e multi-fator foram estabelecidos utilizando técnicas de sistema de informação geográfica (GIS) para desenvolver um mapa de contaminação por arsênico e investigar as combinações mais eficazes entre os fatores. Além disso, os testes estatísticos foram utilizados para avaliar a concentração de arsénio entre classes do mesmo fator individualmente. A concentração de arsénio no aquífero Lahore variou de 0.001 a 0.143 mg L−1. As maiores concentrações de arsénio foram detectados na Cidade Murada e na Cidade de Shahdara. Entre os 40 modelos raster, a concentração de arsênio nas águas subterrâneas apresentou a melhor frequência correspondente, com modelos de fator individual para DP (50.70 %) e ES (47 %). Assim, DP e ES foram usadas para desenvolver um mapa raster de distribuição de arsénio, e também foram utilizadas para estudar o efeito da profundidade do aquífero na concentração de arsénio. Foi descoberto que a DP possui variáveis latentes ocultas, como TB e IS. A profundidade do aquífero raso foi correlacionada negativamente com a concentração de arsénio (r = −0.23) e positivamente com a TB (r = 0.15). Portanto, quando houve alta TB em poços em aquíferos de menor profundidade, a concentração de arsênico foi maior. O tratamento de água existente e recursos hídricos alternativos são boas opções, que devem ser desenvolvidas para lidar com os poços de Lahore contaminados com arsênico em altas concentrações.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Geology Survey Bureau of China, which has been provided financial support for this research work, through the project “Comprehensive study on investigation and evaluation of groundwater resources and environment problems in Jianghan Dongting Plain. No. 1212011121142”.

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  1. School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 388 Lumo Lu, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China

    Akhtar Malik Muhammad, Tang Zhonghua & Zakari Sissou

  2. School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China

    Bahaa Mohamadi

  3. Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China

    Muhsan Ehsan

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Muhammad, A.M., Zhonghua, T., Sissou, Z. et al. Analysis of geological structure and anthropological factors affecting arsenic distribution in the Lahore aquifer, Pakistan. Hydrogeol J 24, 1891–1904 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1453-4

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