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Improved regional groundwater flow modeling using drainage features: a case study of the central northern karst aquifer system of Puerto Rico (USA)

Verbesserte regionale Grundwassermodellierung durch die Verwendung von “Drainage Features” am Beispiel des zentralen nördlichen Karstaquifersystems in Puerto Rico (USA)

Amélioration de la modélisation régionale de l’écoulement des eaux souterraines utilisant des caractéristiques de drainage: une étude de cas avec le système aquifère karstique du centre nord de Puerto Rico (Etats-Unis d’Amérique)

Mejoramiento de los modelados de flujo regional de agua subterránea utilizando características del drenaje: un estudio de caso del sistema acuífero kárstico del centro norte de Puerto Rico (EE.UU.)

利用排水特征进行区域地下水流的改进性模拟:(美国)波多黎各岩溶含水层系统中北部的研究案例

مدلسازی ناحیه ای آب زیرزمینی بهینه یافته با استفاده از خاصیت زهكشی: مطالعه موردی سیستم آبخوان كارستی مركزی شمال جزیره پورتوریكو، آمریكا

Melhoria da modelagem de fluxo regional de água subterrânea utilizando características de drenagem: um estudo de caso do sistema aquífero cárstico central do norte de Porto Rico (EUA)

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Abstract

In northern Puerto Rico (USA), subsurface conduit networks with unknown characteristics, and surface features such as springs, rivers, lagoons and wetlands, drain the coastal karst aquifers. In this study, drain lines connecting sinkholes and springs are used to improve the developed regional model by simulating the drainage effects of conduit networks. Implemented in an equivalent porous media (EPM) approach, the model with drains is able to roughly reproduce the spring discharge hydrographs in response to rainfall. Hydraulic conductivities are found to be scale dependent and significantly increase with higher test radius, indicating scale dependency of the EPM approach. Similar to other karst regions in the world, hydraulic gradients are steeper where the transmissivity is lower approaching the coastline. This study enhances current understanding of the complex flow patterns in karst aquifers and suggests that using a drainage feature improves modeling results where available data on conduit characteristics are minimal.

Zusammenfassung

Im nördlichen Puerto Rico (USA) entwässern unterirdische Karströhrensysteme mit unbekannten Eigenschaften sowie Oberflächenerscheinungen wie Quellen, Flüsse, Lagunen und Feuchtgebiete den Küstenaquifer. In dieser Studie werden “Drain Lines” verwendet, welche Dolinen und Schlucklöcher mit Quellen verbinden, um ein regionales Grundwassermodell durch die Nachbildung des Drainageeffekts von Karströhren zu verbessern. Eingebettet in einen “Equivalent Porous Media” (EPM) Ansatz kann das Modell mit “Drain Lines” Ganglinien der Quellschüttung als Reaktion auf Niederschlagsereignisse näherungsweise nachbilden. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, dass die hydraulischen Leitfähigkeiten skalenabhängig sind. Mit größerem Testradius nehmen sie deutlich zu und spiegeln so die Skalenabhängigkeit des EPM-Ansatzes wider. Ähnlich wie in anderen Karstregionen der Welt sind die hydraulischen Gradienten dort steiler, wo sich die Transmissivitäten bei Annäherung an die Küste verringern. Die Studie verbessert unser gegenwärtiges Verständnis komplexer Fließprozesse in Karstaquiferen und zeigt, dass “Drainage Features” die Ergebnisse einer Grundwassermodellierung verbessern, insbesondere wenn nur wenige Daten zu den Eigenschaften der Karströhren vorliegen.

Résumé

Dans le nord de Puerto Rico (Etats-Unis d’Amérique), les réseaux de conduits souterrains avec des caractéristiques inconnues, et les caractéristiques de surface telles que les sources, les rivières, les lagunes et les zones humides, drainent les aquifères karstiques côtiers. Dans cette étude, les lignes de drain connectant les pertes et les sources sont utilisées pour améliorer le modèle régional développé en simulant les effets de drainage des réseaux de conduits. Mise en œuvre selon une approche de milieu équivalent poreux (EMP), le modèle avec drains est capable de reproduire de manière approximative les hydrographes de débits des sources en réponse aux précipitations. Les conductivités hydrauliques sont dépendantes de l’échelle et augmentent de manière significative avec les rayons plus élevés de test, indiquant la dépendance de l’échelle de l’approche EMP. De manière similaire à d’autres régions karstiques dans le monde, les gradients hydrauliques sont plus raides lorsque la transmissivité est plus faible à proximité de la ligne de rivage. Cette étude améliore la compréhension actuelle des modes d’écoulement complexe dans les aquifères karstiques et suggère que l’utilisation des caractéristiques de drainage améliore les résultats de la modélisation là où les données sur les caractéristiques des conduits sont disponibles à minima.

Resumen

En el norte de Puerto Rico (EE.UU.), las redes de conductos subsuperficiales de características desconocidas, y los aspectos superficiales tales como manantiales, ríos, lagunas y humedales, drenan los acuíferos kársticos costeros. En este estudio se utilizan las líneas de drenaje que conectan sumideros y manantiales para mejorar el modelado regional desarrollado mediante la simulación de los efectos de drenaje de las redes de conductos. Implementado en un enfoque medios porosos equivalentes (EPM), el modelo con drenajes es capaz de reproducir a grandes rasgos los hidrogramas de descarga de manantiales en respuesta a las precipitaciones. Se encuentra que la conductividad hidráulica era dependiente de la escala y aumenta significativamente con un mayor radio de ensayo, lo que indica la dependencia de la escala en el enfoque de EPM. Al igual que en otras regiones kársticas en el mundo, los gradientes hidráulicos son más pronunciados, donde la transmisividad es menor aproximándose a la costa. Este estudio contribuye a mejorar la comprensión actual de los complejos esquemas de flujo en los acuíferos kársticos y sugiere que utilizar características del drenaje mejora los resultados del modelo donde los datos disponibles sobre las características de los conductos son mínimas.

摘要

在(美国)波多黎各北部,地下管道网络的特征不为人所知,地表特征如泉、河流、泻湖和湿地都向沿海岩溶含水层排水。在本项研究中,利用连接落水洞和泉的排水管道通过模拟管道网络排水影响来改进开发的区域模型。在等效孔隙介质方法中运行模型,具备排水区域的模型能够大致复制针对降雨反应出的泉排泄水位图。发现水力传导率具有尺度效应,并随着较高的实验半径而显著增加,表明了等效孔隙介质方法的尺度效应。类似于世界其它岩溶区,在传导率很低接近海岸线的地方,水力梯度就很陡。本研究增进了对岩溶含水层复杂水流模式的了解,表明,在管道特征现有资料很少的地方,采用排水特征改进了模拟结果。

چکیده

در شمال جزیره پورتوریكو (آمریكا)، شبكه های مجرای كارستی زیرسطحی با مشخصه های نامعلوم، و جنبه های سطحی همانند چشمه ها، رودخانه ها، دریاچه ها و تالاب ها، آبخوان های ساحلی را زهكشی می نمایند. در این مطالعه، برایبهبود مدل ناحیه ای ساخته شده از خطوط زهكشی متصل كننده گودال های كارستی و چشمه ها استفاده شده كه دارای قابلیت شبیه سازی اثرات زهكشی شبكه های مجرای كارستی می باشند. مدل دارای خطوط زهكشی كه در رویكرد محیط متخلخل معادل قرار داده شده، كمابیش قادر به تولید هیدروگراف های جریان خروجی چشمه می باشد. ضرایب هدایت هیدرولیكی وابسته به مقیاس به دست آمده اند و بطور قابل ملاحظه ای با شعاع تست هیدرولیكی بزرگتر افزایش می یابند، كه بیانگر وابسته به مقیاس بودن رویكرد محیط متخلخل معادل می باشد. مشابه دیگر مناطق كارستی در دنیا، در بخش های با قابلیت انتقال آب كم در مجاورت خط ساحلی، گرادیان های هیدرولیكی دارای شیب بیشتری می باشند. این مطالعه درك كنونی از الگو های جریان پیچیده در آبخوان های كارستی را ارتقا می بخشد و پیشنهاد می دهد كه وقتی داده های موجود برای مشخصه های مجرای كارستی ناچیز هستند، استفاده از خاصیت زهكشی نتایج مدلسازی را بهبود می دهد.

Resumo

No norte de Porto Rico (EUA), redes de condutos de subsuperfície com características desconhecidas e de características de superfície, tais como nascentes, rios, lagoas e pântanos, drenam os aquíferos cársticos costeiros. Neste estudo, linhas de drenagens conectando sumidouros e nascentes são usadas para melhorar o modelo regional desenvolvido por simulação de efeitos de drenagem de redes de condutos. Implementado em uma abordagem de meio poroso equivalente (MPE), o modelo com drenagens é capaz de reproduzir aproximadamente os hidrogramas de descargas de nascentes em resposta às chuvas. Condutividades hidráulicas foram encontradas sendo dependentes da escalas e aumentam consideravelmente com raios de testes maiores, indicando a dependência de escala da abordagem de MPE. Semelhantes a outras regiões cársticas no mundo, gradientes hidráulicos são acentuados quando a transmissividade é menor ao se aproximar do litoral. Esse estudo reforça a compreensão atual dos padrões de fluxos complexos em aquíferos cársticos e sugere que, o uso de características de drenagem melhora os resultados de modelagem quando dados disponíveis sobre características de condutos são mínimas.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Rachel Grashow and Ms. Christine Gordon for their editorial help on the paper. We also thank the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. Support of the work described is provide through award No. P42ES017198 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences to the PROTECT research project. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views or policies of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences or the National Institute of Health.

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Ghasemizadeh, R., Yu, X., Butscher, C. et al. Improved regional groundwater flow modeling using drainage features: a case study of the central northern karst aquifer system of Puerto Rico (USA). Hydrogeol J 24, 1463–1478 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1419-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1419-6

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