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Impact of managed aquifer recharge on the chemical and isotopic composition of a karst aquifer, Wala reservoir, Jordan

Auswirkungen von künstlicher Grundwasseranreicherung auf die chemische- und isotopische Zusammensetzung eines Karstaquifers, Wala Reservoir, Jordanien

Impact d’une recharge contrôlée sur la composition chimique et isotopique d’un aquifère karstique, réservoir Wala, Jordanie

Impacto de la gestión de la recarga de acuíferos en la composición química e isotópica de un acuífero kárstico, el reservorio de Wala, Jordán

تأثير التغذية الصناعية على التركيب الكيماوي والنظائري للخزان المائي الجوفي الكارستي، سد الواله - الاردن

含水层补给管理对约旦Wala蓄水地一个岩溶含水层中的化学和同位素组分的影响

Impacte da recarga gerida de aquíferos na composição química e isotópica de um aquífero cársico, reservatório de Wala, Jordânia

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An Erratum to this article was published on 21 May 2015

Abstract

Storm-water harvesting and storage via managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is a promising approach to combat water scarcity in semi-arid regions, but poses a challenge for karst aquifers and regions with highly variable water availability. The infiltration of low-mineralized surface water and its impact on highly mineralized groundwater of a karst aquifer was investigated at Wala reservoir in Jordan over a period of approximately 10 years. The results show significant groundwater-level rise in a wellfield, in response to the yearly average infiltration of about 6.7 million m3. This corresponds to about 60 % of the yearly average abstraction of about 11.7 million m3, confirmed by mixing calculations with tritium. A decreasing trend in infiltration due to sedimentation is observed. Mean groundwater residence times of several thousand years, derived from carbon-14 dating, indicate a large storage capacity of the aquifer. The heterogeneous distribution of the residence times is caused by strong groundwater withdrawals and artificial recharge along with karst-specific aquifer characteristics. Temporal groundwater salinity fluctuations in the wellfield are observed after the first MAR infiltration. Enhanced groundwater flow along the wadi course was demonstrated, which is an important aspect with regards to future MAR projects in similar wadis of the region.

Zusammenfassung

Das Sammeln und Speichern von Niederschlagswasser durch künstliche Grundwasseranreicherung (MAR) ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Bekämpfung von Wasserknappheit in semiariden Regionen, stellt aber gleichzeitig eine Herausforderung für Karstgrundwasserleiter und Regionen mit sehr unterschiedlicher Wasserverfügbarkeit dar. Die Infiltration von niedrig mineralisiertem Oberflächenwasser und dessen Auswirkungen auf hoch mineralisiertes Grundwasser eines Karstgrundwasserleiters wurde am Wala Reservoir in Jordanien über einen Zeitraum von etwa 10 Jahren untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen erheblichen Grundwasseranstieg in einem Brunnenfeld als Reaktion auf die durchschnittliche jährliche Infiltration von etwa 6.7 Mio. m3. Dies entspricht rund 60 % der durchschnittlichen jährlichen Grundwasserentnahme von etwa 11.7 Mio. m3, was durch Mischungsrechnungen mit Tritium bestätigt werden konnte. Eine Abnahme der Infiltrationsrate durch Sedimentation wird beobachtet. Die mittleren Grundwasserverweilzeiten von mehreren tausend Jahren, abgeleitet aus Kohlenstoff-14 Datierungen, weisen auf die große Speicherkapazität des Grundwasserleiters hin. Die heterogene Verteilung der Verweilzeiten wird durch die starke Grundwasserentnahme, die künstliche Grundwasseranreicherung und die spezifischen Eigenschaften eines Karstgrundwasserleiters hervorgerufen. Temporäre Schwankungen der Grundwassersalinität im Brunnenfeld wurden nach der ersten MAR-Infiltration beobachtet. Entlang des Wadis wurde ein erhöhter Grundwasserdurchfluss nachgewiesen, was ein wichtiger Aspekt im Hinblick auf zukünftige MAR-Projekte in ähnlichen Wadis der Region ist.

Résumé

La collecte et le stockage de l’eau de précipitation par recharge contrôlée d’aquifère est une approche prometteuse pour combattre la rareté de l’eau dans les régions semi-arides, mais représente un défi pour les aquifères karstiques dans les régions où la disponibilité de l’eau est hautement variable. L’infiltration d’une eau de surface peu minéralisée et son impact sur l’eau souterraine très minéralisée d’un aquifère karstique ont été étudiés sur le réservoir Wala en Jordanie pendant environ 10 ans. Les résultats montrent une élévation importante du niveau de nappe souterraine dans un champ captant, en réponse à une infiltration annuelle moyenne d’environ 6.7 millions m3. Ceci correspond à environ 60 % du prélèvement annuel moyen de 11.7 millions m3, confirmé par recoupement de calculs basés sur le tritium. On observe une tendance à la décroissance du volume d’infiltration due à la sédimentation. Un temps moyen de résidence de plusieurs milliers d’années des eaux souterraines, établi par datation au carbone 14, indique une large capacité de stockage de l’aquifère. La distribution hétérogène des temps de résidence résulte de forts prélèvements, de la recharge artificielle ainsi que des caractéristiques de l’aquifère karstique. Les fluctuations temporaires de la salinité des eaux souterraines dans le champ captant ont été observées après la première recharge contrôlée. Une augmentation du flux des eaux souterraines sous fluviale de l’oued a été mise en évidence, ce qui constitue un résultat important pour les futurs projets de recharge contrôlée des oueds similaires de la région.

Resumen

La recolección y almacenamiento de agua de tormentas dentro de la gestión de la recarga de acuíferos (MAR) es un método prometedor para combatir la escasez de agua en regiones semiáridas, pero plantea un desafío para acuíferos kársticos y regiones con disponibilidad de agua altamente variable. Se investigó la infiltración de agua superficial de baja mineralización y su impacto en el agua subterránea altamente mineralizada de un acuífero kárstico en el reservorio de Wala en Jordán durante un período de aproximadamente 10 años. Los resultados muestran un ascenso significativo del nivel de agua subterránea en un campo de pozos, en respuesta a una infiltración anual promedio de alrededor de 6.7 millones de m3. Esto corresponde a alrededor del 60 % de la extracción promedio anual de unos 11.7 millones de m3, confirmada por los cálculos de mezcla de tritio. Se observa una tendencia decreciente de la tasa de infiltración debido a la sedimentación. Los tiempos de residencia media del agua subterránea de varios miles de años, derivados de dataciones de carbono 14, indican una gran capacidad de almacenamiento del acuífero. La distribución heterogénea de los tiempos de residencia es causada por las fuertes depresiones del agua subterránea y la recarga artificial junto con las características específicas del acuífero kárstico. Se observan fluctuaciones temporales de la salinidad del agua subterránea en los campos de pozos después de la primera infiltración de la MAR. Se demostró un flujo subterráneo mejorado a lo largo del curso del wadi, lo cual es un aspecto importante con respecto de los futuros proyectos MAR en wadis similares de la región.

ملخص

يعتبر الحصاد المائي لمياه العواصف المطرية وتخزينها لتغذية المياه الجوفية صناعيا (MAR)من الطرق الهامة لزيادة مصادر المياه في المناطق شبه الجافة. ولكن هذه التغذية تشكل تحد للخزانات المائية الجوفية الكارستية وللمناطق التي تتغير بها وفرة المياه بشكل كبير. ومن خلال هذه البحث فقد تم دراسة تأثير رشح المياه السطحية والتي تتميز بقلة العناصر المعدنية على المياه الجوفية الغنية بالعناصر المعدنية في الطبقات الحاملة لتلك المياه حيث تتميز هذه الطبقات بوجود الكهوف والتجاويف وذلك في منطقة سد الوالة في الاردن ولفترة عشر سنوات تقريباً. وقد أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة ارتفاع هام لمستوى المياه الجوفية في الابار كاستجابة لمعدل التغذية السنوي والذي يقارب 6.7 مليون متر مكعب. وهذا يعادل حوالي 60 % من معدل الضخ السنوي من الخزان الجوفي والذي يبلغ 11.7 مليون متر مكعب وقد تم تأكيده بحسابات الخاط مع التريتيوم كما تم ملاحظة انخفاض معدل التغذية بسبب زيادة الرسوبيات في السد. حسب تحليل كربون 14 فان متوسط عمر المياه الجوفية يقدر بعدة الاف من السنين مما يدل على السعة التخزينية الكبيرة للخزان الجوفي. ان التوزيع الغير متجانس لعمر المياه يعود للضخ الجائر المترافق مع التغذية الصناعية للخزان الجوفي الكارستي. وقد لوحظ تذبذب لحظي في ملوحة المياه الجوفية بعد اول عملية تغذية صناعية. ولذلك لا بد من تحسين ظروف انسياب المياه في مجاري الاودية في مشاريع التغذية الصناعية المستقبلية في الوديان المشابه في المنطقة.

摘要

通过含水层补给管理进行的雨水收集和储存是半干旱地区抗击缺水的一个大有希望的方法,但同时也对含水层和水拥有量高度变化的地区提出了挑战。对约旦Wala储水地矿化度低的地表水入渗及其对矿化度高的岩溶含水层地下水的影响进行了大约10年的调查。结果显示,每年的平均入渗量大约为670万m3,致使井场的地下水位大幅上升。这相当于由采用氚进行的混合计算确定的每年平均抽取量1170万m3的大约60%。观测到由于沉积入渗速度有加快的趋势。碳14测年得出平均地下水滞留时间几千年,表明含水层的储存容量很大。滞留时间的不均匀分布是由地下水强烈抽取和人工补给加上岩溶含水层特有的特征所造成的。首次含水层补给管理入渗之后观测到了井场地下水盐度的时间上的波动。证明沿干谷河道的地下水流增强,这是本地区类似干谷未来含水层补给管理项目中一个重要方面。

Resumo

A recolha de água de precipitação e o armazenamento via recarga gerida de aquíferos (RGA) é uma aproximação promissora no combate à escassez de água em regiões semiáridas, mas coloca um desafio em aquíferos cársicos e regiões com elevada variabilidade de disponibilidade de água. Durante um período de aproximadamente 10 anos, foi investigada, no reservatório de Wala, na Jordânia, a infiltração de água superficial de baixa mineralização e o seu impacte na água muito mineralizada de um aquífero cársico. Os resultados mostram uma significativa subida dos níveis num campo de captações subterrâneas em resposta à infiltração média anual de cerca de 6.7 milhões de m3 de água. Isto corresponde a cerca de 60 % da extração anual de cerca de 11.7 milhões de m3, valor confirmado por cálculos de mistura com o uso de trítio. É observada uma tendência decrescente das taxas de infiltração, devida a sedimentação. A grande capacidade de armazenamento do aquífero é indicada pelos valores médios de residência da água subterrânea, de vários milhares de anos, dados derivados da datação com carbono-14. A distribuição heterogénea dos tempos de residência é causada por fortes extrações de água subterrânea e pela recarga artificial, em conjunto com as caraterísticas específicas do aquífero cársico. As flutuações temporais de salinidade no campo de captações são observadas depois da primeira infiltração por RGA. Foi demonstrado um reforço do caudal ao longo do percurso do rio temporário, o que é um aspeto importante a ter em conta no futuro em projetos de RGA em rios com caraterísticas similares na região.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Ministry of Water (MWI), the Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) and the Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) for their support and provision of the data. Furthermore, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) are acknowledged for funding the SMART Project (Sustainable Management of Available Water Resources with Innovative Technologies) (FKZ 02WM1079-1086 and FKZ02WM1211-1212). Special thanks go out to Prof. Michel Bakalowicz for fruitful discussion, Marian Bechtel for language editing of the manuscript, and the editor Dr. Vincent Post and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful suggestions.

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Xanke, J., Goeppert, N., Sawarieh, A. et al. Impact of managed aquifer recharge on the chemical and isotopic composition of a karst aquifer, Wala reservoir, Jordan. Hydrogeol J 23, 1027–1040 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1233-6

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