Skip to main content
Log in

The diagnostic plot analysis of artesian aquifers with case studies in Table Mountain Group of South Africa

L’analyse du graphe de diagnostic des aquifères artésiens avec des lcas d’étude dans le groupe de la Montagne de la Table en Afrique du Sud

Diagnóstico de análisis gráfico en acuíferos artesianos con estudios de casos en Table Mountain Group de Sudáfrica

用研究示例诊断标绘分析南非桌山山脉组自流含水层

Análise por projeção diagnóstica de aquíferos artesianos com base em estudos de caso no Grupo de Table Mountain na África do Sul

  • Report
  • Published:
Hydrogeology Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Parameter estimates of artesian aquifers where piezometric head is above ground level are largely made through free-flowing and recovery tests. The straight-line method proposed by Jacob-Lohman is often used for interpretation of flow rate measured at flowing artesian boreholes. However, the approach fails to interpret the free-flowing test data from two artesian boreholes in the fractured-rock aquifer in Table Mountain Group (TMG) of South Africa. The diagnostic plot method using the reciprocal rate derivative is adapted to evaluate the artesian aquifer properties. The variation of the derivative helps not only identify flow regimes and discern the boundary conditions, but also facilitates conceptualization of the aquifer system and selection of an appropriate model for data interpretation later on. Test data from two free-flowing tests conducted in different sites in TMG are analysed using the diagnostic plot method. Based on the results, conceptual models and appropriate approaches are developed to evaluate the aquifer properties. The advantages and limitations of using the diagnostic plot method on free-flowing test data are discussed.

Résumé

Les estimations des paramètres des aquifères artésiens, où la charge hydraulique est au-dessus du niveau du sol, sont largement réalisées au moyen d’essais de pompage en écoulement libre et de suivi de la remontée. La méthode de la droite proposée par Jacob-Lohman est souvent utilisée pour l’interprétation du débit mesuré au niveau de forages artésiens en écoulement. Cependant, l’approche ne parvient pas à interpréter les données d’un essai en écoulement libre réalisé au sein de deux forages artésiens de l’aquifère fracturé du groupe de la Montagne de la Table (TMG) en Afrique du Sud. La méthode du graphe de diagnostic utilisant la dérivée de l’inverse du débit est adaptée pour évaluer les propriétés de l’aquifère artésien. La variation de la dérivée aide non seulement à identifier les régimes d’écoulement et discerner les conditions aux limites, mais elle facilite aussi la conceptualisation du système aquifère et la sélection d’un modèle approprié pour l’interprétation ultérieure des données. Les données de deux essais en écoulement libre conduits en différents sites du TMG sont analysées en utilisant la méthode du graphe de diagnostic. Des modèles conceptuels et des approches appropriées sont développés sur la base de ces résultats, afin d’évaluer les propriétés des aquifères. Les avantages et limites de l’utilisation de la méthode du graphe de diagnostic pour les données d’essais en écoulement libre sont discutés.

Resumen

La estimación de los parámetros de acuíferos artesianos donde la carga piezométrica está por encima del nivel del terreno, en gran medida, son realizados a través de ensayos de flujo libre y recuperación. El método de la línea recta propuesto por Jacob-Lohman se usa a menudo para la interpretación de las medidas de caudal en las perforaciones artesianas. Sin embargo, el enfoque es equivocada para la interpretación de los datos de ensayos de flujo libre a partir de dos perforaciones artesianas en un acuífero de rocas fracturadas en el Table Mountain Group (TMG) de Sudáfrica. El diagnóstico por el método gráfico usando la derivada de la tasa recíproca se adapta para evaluar las propiedades del acuífero artesiano. La variación de la derivada ayuda no solamente a identificar el régimen de flujo y discernir las condiciones de los límites, sino también que facilita la conceptualización del sistema acuífero y la selección de un modelo apropiado para la interpretación posterior de los datos. Se analizan los datos de dos ensayos de flujo libre realizados en diferentes sitios en TMG usando el método gráfico de diagnóstico. En base a los resultados se desarrollan modelos conceptuales y enfoques apropiados para evaluar las propiedades del acuífero. Se discuten las ventajas y limitaciones de usar el método gráfico de diagnóstico en datos de ensayos de flujo libre.

摘要

通过自流和恢复试验主要对压水头高于地面的自流含水层的参数进行了估算。Jacob-Lohman提出的直线法经常用于解译自流钻孔的流量。然而,该方法不能解译南非桌山山脉组断裂岩含水层中的自流试验数据。利用倒数率导数的诊断标绘方法适合评估自流含水层特性。导数变化不仅有助于确定水流动态、识别边界条件,而且还可以促进含水层的概念化及以后用于数据解译的合适模型的选择。对桌山山脉组不同地点进行的自流试验数据采用诊断标绘方法进行了分析。根据研究结果,开发了概念模型和适当方法用来评估含水层特性。探讨了分析自流试验数据所用的诊断标绘方法的优点和局限。

Resumo

A estimativa de parâmetros dos aquíferos artesianos onde os níveis piezométricos se encontram acima do nível do solo é, na maior parte das vezes, baseada nos caudais livres e em ensaios de recuperação. O método da linha reta proposto por Jacob-Lohman é muitas vezes usado para a interpretação da descarga medida em poços artesianos repuxantes. No entanto, a abordagem falha na interpretação dos dados do ensaio de caudal livre de dois poços artesianos no aquífero fraturado do Grupo de Table Mountain (GTM), na África do Sul. O método da projeção diagnóstica, que usa a derivada do recíproco do caudal, é adaptado para avaliar as propriedades do aquífero artesiano. A variação da derivada ajuda não só na identificação dos regimes de fluxo e no discernimento das condições de fronteira, como também facilita a concetualização do sistema aquífero e a seleção de um modelo adequado para a interpretação dos dados numa fase posterior. São analisados os dados de dois ensaios de caudal livre realizados em diferentes locais no GTM, usando o método da projeção diagnóstica. Com base nos resultados, são desenvolvidos modelos conceituais e abordagens adequadas para avaliar as propriedades do aquífero. São discutidas as vantagens e as limitações do uso do método da projeção diagnóstica com dados de ensaios de caudal livre.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Birsoy YK, Summers WK (1980) Determination of aquifer parameters from step tests and intermittent pumping data. Ground Water 18:137–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdet D, Ayoub JA, Pirard YM (1989) Use of pressure derivative in well-test interpretation. SPE Reprint Ser 4, SPE, Richardson, TX, pp 293–302

  • Chow VT (1952) On the determination of transmissibility and storage coefficients from pumping test data. Trans Am Geophys Union 33:397–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chow VT (1964) Advances in hydroscience, vol 1. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper HH Jr, Jacob CE (1946) A generalized graphical method for evaluating formation constants and summarizing well-field history. Trans Am Geophys Union 27(4):526–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djebbar T, Kumar A (1980) Application of the p’D function to interference analysis. J Petrol Eng 32:1465–1470

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehlig-Economides CA, Hegeman P, Vik S (1994) Guidelines simplify well test analysis. Oil Gas J 92:33–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Escobar FH, Rojas MM, Bonilla LF (2012) Transient-rate analysis for long homogeneous and naturally fractured reservoir by the TDS technique. J Eng Appl Sci 7(3):353–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferris JG, Knowless DB, Brown RH, Stallman RW (1962) Theory of aquifer tests. US Geol Surv Water Suppl Pap 1536E, 174 pp

  • Gringarten A, Ramey HJJ, Raghavan R (1974) Unsteady-state pressure distributions created by a single infinite conductivity vertical fracture. Soc Petro Eng J 14:347–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartnady CJH, Hay ER, Riemann K (2013) Strategy for groundwater testing and management in a confined artesian basin: Oudtshoorn area. 13th Biennial Ground Water Division Conference and Exhibition, Durban, South Africa, 17–19th September 2013

  • Herweijer JC, Young SC (1991) Use of detailed sedimentological information for the assessment of aquifer tests and tracer tests in a shallow fluvial aquifer. In: Parameter identification and estimation for aquifer and reservoir characterization. Proceedings of the 5th Annual Canadian/American Conference on Hydrogeology, Water Well Assoc., Dublin, OH, pp 101–115

  • Horne RN (1995) Modern well test analysis: a computer-aided approach, 2nd edn. Petroway, Palo Alto, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob CE, Lohman SW (1952) Nonsteady flow to a well of constant drawdown in an extensive aquifer. Trans Am Geophys Union 33(4):559–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jia H (2007) Groundwater resource evaluation in Table Mountain Group Aquifer systems. PhD Thesis, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa

  • Kruseman GP, De Ridder NA (1991) Analysis and evaluation of pumping test data (2nd edn.). Publ. 47, Int. Inst. for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 370 pp

  • Lin L (2007) Hydraulic properties of the Table Mountain Group (TMG) Aquifers. PhD Thesis, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa

  • Lin L, Jia H, Xu Y (2007) Fracture network characteristics of a deep borehole in the Table Mountain Group (TMG), South Africa. Hydrogeol J 15:1419–1432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Logan J (1964) Estimating transmissibility from routine production tests of water wells. Ground Water 2:35–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lohman SW (1979) Ground-water hydraulics. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 708, 70 pp

  • Matthews CS, Russel DG (1967) Pressure buildup and flow tests in wells. SPE Monograph Series vol 1, SPE, Richardson, TX, 167 pp

  • Meier PM, Carrera J, Sánchez-Vila X (1998) An evaluation of Jacob’s method for the interpretation of pumping tests in heterogeneous formations. Water Resour Res 34(5):1011–1025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Misstear BDR (2001) Editors’ message: The value of simple equilibrium approximations for analysing pumping test data. Hydrogeol J 9:125–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nashawi IS, Malallah A (2006) Rate derivative analysis of oil wells intercepted by finite conductivity hydraulic fracture. 7th Canadian International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, AB, Canada, 13–15 June 2006

  • Newton AR, Shone RW, Booth PWK (2006) The Cape Fold Belt. In: Johnson MR, Anhaeusser CR, Thomas RJ (eds) The Geology of South Africa, the Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg; Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, pp 521–530

  • Nobakht M, Clarkson CR (2012) A new analytical method for analyzing linear flow in tight/shale gas reservoirs: constant-flowing-pressure boundary condition. (SPE 143989) Americas Unconventional Gas Conference, The Woodlands, TX, 12–16, June 2011

  • Ojha CSP (2004) Aquifer parameters estimation using artesian well test data. J Hydrol Eng 9:64–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrochet P (2005) A simple solution to tunnel or well discharge under constant drawdown. Hydrogeol J 13:886–888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reimann K, Blake D (2010) Groundwater reserve determination for current and potential wellfield development of TMG Aquifers. WRC report no. KV 236/10, WRC, Pretoria, South Africa, 42 pp

  • Renard P (2005) The future of hydraulic tests. Hydrogeol J 13:259–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renard P, Glenz D, Mejias M (2009) Understanding diagnostic plots for well-test interpretation. Hydrogeol J 17:589–600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riemann K, Hartnady CJ (2013) Hydraulic tests of strong artesian boreholes: wellhead construction and test design. Umvoto Africa http://gwd.org.za/sites/gwd.org.za/files/04%20K%20Riemann_Artesian%20Wellhead%20Design_Paper.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2014

  • Samani N, Pasandi M, Barry DA (2006) Characterizing a heterogeneous aquifer by derivative analysis of pumping and recovery test data. J Geol Soc Iran 1:29–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Schad H, Teutsche G (1994) Effects of the investigation scale on pumping test results in heterogeneous porous aquifers. J Hydrol 159:61–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S (2007) Simple approximation of well function for constant drawdown variable discharge artesian wells. J Irrig Drain Eng 133:282–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spane FA, Wurstner SK (1993) DERIV: a computer program for calculating pressure derivatives for use in hydraulic test analysis. Ground Water 31:814–822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun X, Xu Y (2014) A hydraulic test device for free-flowing artesian boreholes with a case study in Table Mountain Group (TMG) aquifers, South Africa. Water SA 40(3):445–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swamee PK, Mishra GC, Chahar BR (2000) Simple approximation for flowing well problem. J Irrig Drain Eng 126:65–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theis CV (1935) The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge of a well using ground-water storage. Trans Am Geophys Union 16:519–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thiem G (1906) Hydrologische methoden [Hydrological methods]. Gebhardt, Leipzig, Germany, 56 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Umvoto (2009) Deep artesian groundwater for Oudtshoorn Municipal Supply (DAGEOS): monitoring report. 2008–2009 Update. 603/E.7.4-5/2009, Umvoto, Cape Town, South Africa

  • Veneruso AF, Spath J (2006) A digital pressure derivative technique for pressure transient well testing and reservoir characterization. Paper presented at the 2006 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, 24–27 September 2006

  • Willmann M, Carrera J, Sanchez-Vila X, Vazquez-Sune E (2007) On the meaning of the transmissivity values obtained from recovery tests. Hydrogeol J 15:833–842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao L, Xu Y (2014) The diagnostic analysis of pumping test using derivative of dlgs/dlgt with case study. Ground Water. doi:10.1111/gwat.12175

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y, Sun X (2014) Development of the pressure release flowing test method for artesian flow aquifers with case studies in TMG. WRC Report no. K5/2058, WRC, Pretoria, South Africa, 121 pp

  • Xu Y, Lin L, Jia H (2009) Groundwater flow conceptualization and storage determination of the Table Mountain Group (TMG) Aquifers. WRC Report no. 1419/1/09, WRC, Pretoria, South Africa, 268 pp

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge funding of Project No. K5/2058 from the Water Research Commission of South Africa. The Oudtshoorn Municipality of the Western Cape Province is acknowledged for granting the project team permission to access the free-flowing test data collected by the UMVOTO Africa. The authors gratefully appreciate all the valuable comments and suggestions from the reviewers and editors, which helped to improve the quality of the manuscript greatly.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yongxin Xu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sun, X., Xu, Y. & Lin, L. The diagnostic plot analysis of artesian aquifers with case studies in Table Mountain Group of South Africa. Hydrogeol J 23, 567–579 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1203-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1203-4

Keywords

Navigation