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Stable isotopes as indicators of water and salinity sources in a southeast Australian coastal wetland: identifying relict marine water, and implications for future change

Utilisation des isotopes stables comme indicateurs de l’origine de l’eau et de la salinité dans une zone humide côtière du Sud-Est Australien: identification des eaux marines résiduelles et implications pour les changements à venir

Los isótopos estables como indicadores de fuentes de agua y salinidad en un humedal costero del sudeste de Australia: identificación de agua marina relicta, e implicancias para cambios futuros

稳定同位素作为澳大利亚东南沿海湿地水源和盐分来源的指示物:确定残余海水及未来的变化

Isótopos estáveis como indicadores de origem da água e da salinidade numa zona húmida costeira no sudoeste da Austrália: identificação de água marinha fóssil e implicações para as alterações futuras

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Abstract

The Lake Connewarre Complex is an internationally protected wetland in southeast Australia, undergoing increasing environmental change due to urbanisation. Stable isotopes of water (δ18O and δ2H) and other geochemical indicators were used to assess sources of water and salinity in the shallow groundwater and surface-water systems, and to better understand groundwater/surface-water interactions. While much of the shallow groundwater is saline (from 1.27 to 50.3 g/L TDS) with overlapping salinities across water groups, stable isotopes allow clear delineation of two distinct sources of water and salinity: marine water with δ18O between −1.4 and +1.3 ‰ and ion ratios characteristic of seawater; and meteoric water with δ18O between −6.1 and −3.6 ‰ containing cyclic salts, probably concentrated by plant transpiration. Groundwater bodies in shallow sediments beneath the wetlands have salinities and stable isotopic compositions intermediate between fresh wetland surface water and a marine water end-member. This marine-type water is likely relict seawater emplaced when the wetlands were connected to the estuary, prior to modern river regulation. Freshwater input to underlying groundwater is a recent consequence of this regulation. Future predicted changes such as increased stormwater inflow, will increase rates of freshwater leakage to shallow groundwater, favouring the proliferation of exotic reed species.

Résumé

Le complexe du Lac Connewarre est une zone humide, internationalement protégée dans le sud-est de l'Australie, subissant le changement environnemental croissant en raison de l'urbanisation. Les isotopes stables d'eau (δ18O et δ2H) et d'autres indicateurs géochimiques ont été utilisés pour évaluer l’origine de l'eau et la salinité dans les systèmes aquifères superficiels et les eaux de surface, et pour mieux comprendre les interactions entre les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface. Tandis qu'une grande partie de l'eau superficielle souterraine est saline (de 1.27 à 50.3 g/L TDS) avec des salinités se chevauchant à travers les groupes d'eau, les isotopes stables permettent une claire différenciation entre deux sources distinctes d'eau et de salinité: l’eau marine avec un δ18O entre −1.4 et 1.3 ‰ et des rapports ioniques caractéristiques de l'eau de mer; et l’eau météorique avec un δ18O entre −6.1 et –3.6 ‰ contenant des sels cycliques, probablement concentrés par la transpiration végétale. Les masses d'eau souterraine contenues dans les sédiments superficiels situés au-dessous des zones humides ont des salinités et des compositions en isotopes stables intermédiaires entre les deux pôles de mélange que sont les eaux de la zone humide et les eaux marines. Ce faciès d’eau marine correspond probablement à de l’eau de mer résiduelle mise en place lorsque la zone humide était connectée à l’estuaire, avant le régime fluvial actuel. L'apport d'eau douce à l'eau souterraine sous-jacente est une conséquence récente de ce régime. Les changements prévus dans le futur, comme une augmentation d’apports d'eaux pluviales, augmentera la proportion d’eau douce s’infiltrant dans l’aquifère superficiel, favorisant la prolifération d'espèces de roseaux exotiques.

Resumen

El Complejo del Lago Connewarre es un humedal protegido internacionalmente en el sudeste de Australia, sometido a cambios ambientales crecientes debido a la urbanización. Se utilizaron los isótopos estables del agua (δ18O y δ2H) y otros indicadores geoquímicos para evaluar las fuentes de agua y la salinidad en los sistemas de agua subterránea somera y agua superficial, y para una mejor comprensión de las interacciones agua superficial / agua subterránea. Mientras que mucha del agua subterránea somera es salina (de 1.27 a 50.3 g/L TDS) con salinidades superpuestas a través de los grupos de agua, los isótopos estables permiten una delimitación clara de dos fuentes distintas de agua y salinidad: agua marina con δ18O entre −1.4 y +1.3 ‰ y relaciones iónicas características del agua de mar; y agua meteórica con δ18O entre −6.1 y −3.6 ‰ conteniendo sales cíclicas, probablemente concentrada por la transpiración de las plantas. Los cuerpos de agua subterránea en sedimentos someros por debajo del humedal tienen salinidades y composición de los isótopos estables intermedia entre el agua superficial dulce del humedal y el agua marina. Este tipo de agua marina es probablemente un relicto de agua de mar emplazada cuando los humedales se conectaron al estuario, antes de la regulación moderna del río. La entrada de agua dulce al agua subterránea subyacente es una consecuencia reciente de esta regulación. Los cambios futuros predichos, tales como un incremento en la entrada de aguas pluviales, incrementarán las tasas de filtración de agua dulce hacia el agua subterránea somera, favoreciendo la proliferación de especies exóticas de cañaverales.

摘要

Connewarre湖及其周边地区是澳大利亚东南部一个国际上受保护的的湿地,由于城市化进程,现正经历着越来越多的环境变化。水中的稳定同位素(δ18O 和 δ2H)及其它地球化学指示物用来评价浅层地下水和地表水系统中水和盐分的来源,更好地了解地下水/地表水的相互作用。当大量浅层地下水遭遇盐分呈咸水时(TDS从1.27 到 50.3 g/L),稳定同位素可以清楚地描述水和盐分不同的来源:δ18O为–1.4至 + 1.3 ‰及具有海水离子比值特征的海相水;含循环盐分、δ18O为–6.1至–3.6 ‰的大气水,所含盐分可能由植物的蒸腾浓缩而成。湿地之下浅层沉积物中的地下水体所含盐分和稳定同位素组分处于湿地地表淡水和海相水端元之间。这种海相类型的水可能是现代河流调整前湿地连接河口时存留的残余海水。淡水注入到下伏的地下水就是这种调整的最近结果。所预测的未来变化,如雨水流入量的增加,将增加淡水渗漏到浅层地下水中的水量,有利于外来芦苇物种的生长。

Resumo

O Complexo do Lago Connewarre é uma zona húmida protegida internacionalmente no sudoeste da Austrália, sujeito a constantes alterações ambientais devidas à urbanização. Foram usados isótopos estáveis da água (δ18O e δ2H) e outros indicadores geoquímicos para avaliar as origens da água e da salinidade nos sistemas de água subterrânea subsuperficiais e nos sistemas de água superficial, de modo a compreender melhor a interação águas subterrâneas/águas superficiais. Embora grande parte da água subterrânea subsuperficial seja salina (1.27–50.3 g/L SDT), com sobreposição de salinidades entre grupos de águas, isótopos estáveis permitem uma clara delimitação de duas fontes distintas de água e de salinidade: água marinha com δ18O entre −1.4 e +1.3 ‰ e proporções de iões caraterísticos da água do mar; e água meteórica com δ18O entre −6.1 e −3.6 ‰, contendo sais cíclicos, provavelmente concentrados por transpiração das plantas. As massas de água subterrânea em sedimentos subsuperficiais por baixo das zonas húmidas têm salinidades e composições isotópicas intermédias entre as águas doces superficiais das zonas húmidas e os membros finais das águas marinhas. Esta água tipo marinha parece ser água marinha fóssil retida quando as zonas húmidas estavam ligadas ao estuário, antes de regulação do rio em tempos recentes. A contribuição de água doce para as águas subterrâneas é uma consequência recente desta regulação. As alterações previsíveis no futuro, tais como o incremento de influxo de água de tempestades, incrementarão as taxas de percolação de água doce para os aquíferos subsuperficiais, favorecendo a proliferação de espécies de plantas exóticas nas zonas húmidas.

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Correspondence to Matthew J Currell.

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Currell, M.J., Dahlhaus, P. & Ii, H. Stable isotopes as indicators of water and salinity sources in a southeast Australian coastal wetland: identifying relict marine water, and implications for future change. Hydrogeol J 23, 235–248 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1199-9

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