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Integrating Remote Sensing with Ground-based Observations to Quantify the Effects of an Extreme Freeze Event on Black Mangroves (Avicennia germinans) at the Landscape Scale

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Abstract

Climate change is altering the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Quantifying ecosystem responses to extreme events at the landscape scale is critical for understanding and responding to climate-driven change but is constrained by limited data availability. Here, we integrated remote sensing with ground-based observations to quantify landscape-scale vegetation damage from an extreme climatic event. We used ground- and satellite-based black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) leaf damage data from the northern Gulf of Mexico (USA and Mexico) to examine the effects of an extreme freeze in a region where black mangroves are expanding their range. The February 2021 event produced coastal temperatures as low as − 10 °C in some areas, exceeding thresholds for A. germinans damage and mortality. We used Sentinel-2 surface reflectance data to assess vegetation greenness before and after the freeze, along with ground-based observations of A. germinans leaf damage. Our results show a negative, nonlinear threshold relationship between A. germinans leaf damage and minimum temperature, with a temperature threshold for leaf damage near − 6 °C. Satellite-based analyses indicate that, at the landscape scale, damage was particularly severe along the central Texas coast, where the freeze event affected > 2000 ha of A. germinans-dominated coastal wetlands. Our analyses highlight the value of pairing remotely sensed data with regional, ground-based observations for quantifying and extrapolating the effects of extreme freeze events on mangroves and other tropical, cold-sensitive plants. The results also demonstrate how extreme freeze events govern the expansion and contraction of mangroves near northern range limits in North America.

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Data availability

The data from this study are available within the following U.S. Geological Survey data releases: Kaalstad and others (2023) (https://doi.org/10.5066/P97GF4NP) and Martinez and others (2023) (https://doi.org/10.5066/P9C4E2CW).

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Acknowledgements

We thank Kristin Byrd for helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. MM was supported by a USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Research Fellowship funded by the USGS Ecosystems Mission Area and the USGS Wetland and Aquatic Research Center. This research was also partially supported by the USGS Climate Research and Development and the USGS Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystem Science programs. Any use of trade, firm or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

Author information

Author notes

  1. MM, MJO, JBG, NME, and CLS conceived and designed the study. MM processed imagery, analyzed data, and created figures and tables with input from MJO, JBG, NME, and CLS. MM and MJO wrote the first full manuscript draft with input from JBG, NME, and CLS. SK, GHA, ARA, JC, KLC, RHD, DJD, KHD, LCF, AFC, EAF, ASF, ARH, DAK, AKL, BM, CM, MJO, CEP, NGFR, CRS, CMS, APS, KS, JET, CZT contributed ground-based mangrove damage data, which were organized by SK with input from data contributors. LCF created the data release of the ground-based data. All authors contributed to subsequent manuscript drafts and gave final approval.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA

    Melinda Martinez, Michael J. Osland, James B. Grace, Nicholas M. Enwright, Camille L. Stagg, Richard H. Day, Laura C. Feher & Andrew S. From

  2. Texas A&M University—Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA

    Simen Kaalstad, Donna J. Devlin & Charles E. Proffitt

  3. U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Gordon H. Anderson & Jamie E. Thompson

  4. Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA

    Anna R. Armitage

  5. Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, USA

    Just Cebrian

  6. Vesta, PBC, San Francisco, California, USA

    Just Cebrian

  7. Tall Timber Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, USA

    Karen L. Cummins

  8. Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA

    Kenneth H. Dunton

  9. University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA

    Alejandro Fierro-Cabo & Elena A. Flores

  10. Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, USA

    A. Randall Hughes

  11. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    David A. Kaplan & Nathan G. F. Reaver

  12. Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA

    Amy K. Langston

  13. Saint Leo University, St. Leo, Florida, USA

    Christopher Miller

  14. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Austwell, Texas, USA

    Colt R. Sanspree

  15. Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve, Eastpoint, Florida, USA

    Caitlin M. Snyder

  16. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Big Stone National Wildlife Refuge, Odessa, Minnesota, USA

    Andrew P. Stetter

  17. Mission-Aransas National Estuarine Research Reserve, Port Aransas, Texas, USA

    Kathleen M. Swanson

  18. Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico

    Carlos Zamora-Tovar

Authors
  1. Melinda Martinez
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  2. Michael J. Osland
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  3. James B. Grace
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  4. Nicholas M. Enwright
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  5. Camille L. Stagg
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  6. Simen Kaalstad
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  7. Gordon H. Anderson
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  8. Anna R. Armitage
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  9. Just Cebrian
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  10. Karen L. Cummins
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  11. Richard H. Day
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  12. Donna J. Devlin
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  14. Laura C. Feher
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  15. Alejandro Fierro-Cabo
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  16. Elena A. Flores
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  17. Andrew S. From
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Melinda Martinez.

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Martinez, M., Osland, M.J., Grace, J.B. et al. Integrating Remote Sensing with Ground-based Observations to Quantify the Effects of an Extreme Freeze Event on Black Mangroves (Avicennia germinans) at the Landscape Scale. Ecosystems 27, 45–60 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-023-00871-z

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