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Land Surface Phenology in the Tropics: The Role of Climate and Topography in a Snow-Free Mountain

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Abstract

Leaf phenology represents a major temporal component of ecosystem functioning, and understanding the drivers of seasonal variation in phenology is essential to understand plant responses to climate change. We assessed the patterns and drivers of land surface phenology, a proxy for leafing phenology, for the meridional Espinhaço Range, a South American tropical mountain comprising a mosaic of savannas, dry woodlands, montane vegetation and moist forests. We used a 14-year time series of MODIS/NDVI satellite images, acquired between 2001 and 2015, and extracted phenological indicators using the TIMESAT algorithm. We obtained precipitation data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, land surface temperature from the MODIS MOD11A2 product, and cloud cover frequency from the MODIS MOD09GA product. We also calculated the topographic wetness index and simulated clear-sky radiation budgets based on the SRTM elevation model. The relationship between phenology and environmental drivers was assessed using general linear models. Temporal displacement in the start date of the annual growth season was more evident than variations in season length among vegetation types, indicating a possible temporal separation in the use of resources. Season length was inversely proportional to elevation, decreasing 1.58 days per 100 m. Green-up and senescence rates were faster where annual temperature amplitude was higher. We found that water and light availability, modulated by topography, are the most likely drivers of land surface phenology in the region, determining the start, end and length of the growing season. Temperature had an important role in determining the rates of leaf development and the strength of vegetation seasonality, suggesting that tropical vegetation is also sensitive to latitudinal temperature changes, regardless of the elevational gradient. Our work improves the current understanding of phenological strategies in the seasonal tropics and emphasizes the importance of topography in shaping light and water availability for leaf development in snow-free mountains.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Lars Elkhund and Per Jönsson for the invaluable help running TIMESAT and Dr. Jeffrey Hicke and the two anonymous reviewers for comments that improved the quality of this article. Our research was supported by the grant #2013/50155-0, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and Microsoft Research Institute, and AS Streher receives a FAPESP scholarship (Grant #2015/17534-3 and BEPE Grant #2016/00757-2). LPCM and TSFS receive research productivity grants from CNPq (#310761/2014-0 and #310144/2015-9). We are very thankful to our colleagues from the Ecosystem Dynamics Observatory (EcoDyn) and the Phenology Lab for the helpful insights and discussions.

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  1. Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil

    Annia Susin Streher, Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato & Thiago Sanna Freire Silva

  2. Ecosystem Dynamics Observatory, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil

    Annia Susin Streher, João Francisco Ferreira Sobreiro & Thiago Sanna Freire Silva

  3. Laboratório de Fenologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil

    Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato

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  1. Annia Susin Streher
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ASS, TSFS and LPCM conceived and designed the research questions; ASS processed and analysed the satellite imagery; JFS acquired and analysed climatological data; ASS, TSFS and LPCM analysed and discussed the results. ASS led the writing of the manuscript with significant input from all authors.

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Streher, A.S., Sobreiro, J.F.F., Morellato, L.P.C. et al. Land Surface Phenology in the Tropics: The Role of Climate and Topography in a Snow-Free Mountain. Ecosystems 20, 1436–1453 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0123-2

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