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Are Large Herbivores Vectors of Terrestrial Subsidies for Riverine Food Webs?

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Abstract

The tropical savannas of Africa have witnessed a dramatic reduction in native large mammalian herbivore populations. The consequences of these changes for terrestrial-aquatic food-web linkages are poorly documented. We used natural abundances of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) to determine spatial and temporal patterns in the importance of herbivore-mediated subsidies for consumers in the Mara River, Kenya. Potential primary producers (terrestrial C3 and C4 producers and periphyton) and consumers (invertebrates and fish) were collected during dry and wet seasons from different sites along the river, representing a gradient from forested highlands to natural savanna grasslands with high herbivore densities across mixed agricultural and livestock-dominated zones. Bayesian mixing models were used to estimate the relative contributions of terrestrial and algal sources of organic carbon supporting consumer trophic groups. Organic carbon sources differed for consumer groups and sites and with season. Overall, periphyton was the major energy source for most consumer groups during the dry season, but with wide 95% confidence intervals. During the wet season, the importance of terrestrial-derived carbon for consumers increased. The importance of C3 producers declined from 40 and 41% at the forested upper reaches to 20 and 8% at river reaches receiving hippo inputs during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The reciprocal increase in the importance of C4 producers was higher than expected based on areal cover of riparian vegetation that was mainly C3. The importance of C4 producers notably increased from 18 and 10% at the forested upper reaches to 33 and 58% at river reaches receiving hippo inputs during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. This study highlights the importance of large herbivores to the functioning of riverine ecosystems and the potential implications of their loss from savanna landscapes that currently harbor remnant populations. Although the importance of C4 terrestrial carbon in most river systems has been reported to be negligible, this study shows that its importance can be mediated by large herbivores as vectors, which enhance energetic terrestrial-aquatic linkages in rivers in savanna landscapes.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Lubanga Lunaligo and David Namwaya (University of Eldoret) for assistance during lab work, William O. Ojwang and Chrisphine Nyamweya (KMFRI, Kisumu) and their team who assisted during fieldwork. We thank Zita Kelemen (KU Leuven), Amanda Subalusky, and Glendon Hunsinger (Yale University) for SIA analyses. We thank the TransMara Conservancy and the Narok County Council (Narok County) for granting us access into the Mara Triangle and MMNR, respectively. Insightful comments and suggestions by the subject editor Dr. S. Bunn and two anonymous reviewers significantly improved this manuscript. This is a publication of the MaraFlows Project and was funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs through UNESCO-IHE Partnership Research Fund (UPaRF). Partial support was provided by ERC-StG 240002 (AFRIVAL).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Water Science and Engineering, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O Box 3015, 2601 DA, Delft, The Netherlands

    Frank O. Masese, Gretchen M. Gettel, Kenneth Irvine & Michael E. McClain

  2. Estuary and Tidal Wetland Ecosystems Research Group, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWater), James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia

    Kátya G. Abrantes

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Leuven, Belgium

    Steven Bouillon

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  1. Frank O. Masese
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Correspondence to Frank O. Masese.

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FOM, lead author, conceived research, performed field sampling, performed sample and data analysis and wrote paper. KGA performed data analysis and wrote paper. GMG contributed to research design and wrote paper. SB performed sample analysis and wrote paper. KI contributed to research design and wrote paper. MEM conceived research, performed field sampling, and wrote paper.

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Masese, F.O., Abrantes, K.G., Gettel, G.M. et al. Are Large Herbivores Vectors of Terrestrial Subsidies for Riverine Food Webs?. Ecosystems 18, 686–706 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9859-8

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