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The control of morphology and structure of galvanostatically produced tin dendrites by analysis of chronopotentiometry response

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Abstract

The influence of chronopotentiometry response on the morphology and structure of galvanostatically synthesized tin dendritic particles has been investigated. Sn dendrites were electrodeposited at the current density 1.5 times larger than the limiting diffusion current density (− 3 mA cm−2) with various amounts of the electricity (200 and 400 mC), and the obtained morphology and structure of the particles were characterized by SEM and XRD techniques, respectively. The strong effect of the amount of spent electricity on the morphology and structure of the particles was observed, and it is explained by morphological and structural analysis of Sn particles produced potentiostatically at various cathodic potentials selected to be in line with the recorded chronopotentiometry response. The strong correlation among chronopotentiometry response, morphology, and structure of the Sn dendrites was established. The spear-like and the dendrites with prismatic branches possessed the strong (200),(400) preferred orientation, and they were obtained with a chronopotentiometry response of about − 1200 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. The chronopotentiometry responses in the − 1210 ÷  − 1740 mV vs. Ag/AgCl range caused a formation of the fern-like dendrites with the strong (220),(440) preferred orientation. Based on the obtained results, it follows that the chronopotentiometry analysis represents good diagnostic criteria for obtaining Sn powder particles of desired morphology and structure.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (RS) (Grant Nos. 451–03-68/2022–14/200026 and 451–03-9/2022–14/200017) and Science Fund of RS (Grant No. AdCatFC: 7739802).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, Serbia

    Nebojša D. Nikolić & Jelena D. Lović

  2. Vinča Institute of Nuclear Science − National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Vesna M. Maksimović

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Appendix 1

Appendix 1

Determination of the “Texture Coefficient” TC(hkl) and the “Relative Texture Coefficient” RTC(hkl) by analysis of the XRD data

The ratio of reflection intensity (hkl) to the sum of all intensities of the recorded reflections, R(hkl), (in %) is given by Eq. (1) [39]:

$$R\left(hkl\right)=\frac{I\left(hkl\right)}{\sum_{i}^{16}I\left({h}_{i}{k}_{i}{l}_{i}\right)}\times 100$$
(1)

where I (hkl) is a reflection intensity (hkl) plane, in cps, and \(\sum_{i}^{16}I\left({h}_{i}{k}_{i}{l}_{i}\right)\) is the sum of all intensities of the recorded reflections, in cps, for the powder being considered (in the case of Sn, it is sixteen).

The “Texture Coefficient,” TC(hkl), for every (hkl) reflection is defined by Eq. (2):

$$TC\left(hkl\right)=\frac{R\left(hkl\right)}{{R}_{s}\left(hkl\right)}$$
(2)

where Rs(hkl) is defined in the same way as given by Eq. (2), but is related to the standard for metal under consideration. This coefficient gives the accurate quantitative information about the absolute reflection intensity.

Finally, the “Relative Texture Coefficient” RTC(hkl), (in %) is defined by Eq. (3):

$$RTC\left(hkl\right)=\frac{TC\left(hkl\right)}{\sum_{i}^{16}TC\left({h}_{i}{k}_{i}{l}_{i}\right)}\times 100$$
(3)

The RTC (hkl) coefficient defines the reflection intensity (hkl) relative to the standard (included in the TC values).

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Nikolić, N.D., Lović, J.D. & Maksimović, V.M. The control of morphology and structure of galvanostatically produced tin dendrites by analysis of chronopotentiometry response. J Solid State Electrochem 27, 1889–1900 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-023-05380-6

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