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The association of aldehyde exposure with the risk of periodontitis: NHANES 2013–2014

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Abstract

Objectives

Three distinct models were utilized to investigate the combined impacts of serum aldehyde exposure and periodontitis.

Materials and methods

We performed a cross-sectional analysis using data from 525 participants in the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The directed acyclic graphs (DAG) were used to select a minimal sufficient adjustment set of variables (MSAs). To investigate the relationship between aldehydes and periodontitis, we established three models including multiple logistic regression model, restricted cubic spline (RCS) model, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model.

Results

After taking all covariates into account, the multiple logistic regression model revealed that elevated concentrations of isopentanaldehyde and propanaldehyde were strongly associated with periodontitis (isopentanaldehyde: OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.34–4.23; propanaldehyde: OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.08–2.13). Furthermore, the third tertile concentration of isopentanaldehyde was associated with a 2.04-fold increase in the incidence of periodontitis (95% CI: 1.05–3.95) compared to the first tertile concentration, with a P for trend = 0.04. RCS models showed an “L”-shaped relationship between isopentanaldehyde and periodontitis (P for nonlinear association < 0.01), with inflection point of 0.43 ng/mL. BKMR identified a strong connection between mixed aldehydes and periodontitis, with isopentanaldehyde exhibiting the greatest posterior inclusion probability (PIP) with 0.901 and propanaldehyde exhibiting a PIP with 0.775.

Conclusions

Isopentanaldehyde and propanaldehyde are positively associated with the risk of periodontitis.

Clinical relevance

Periodontitis may be associated with exposure to mixed aldehyde. This study emphasizes the important role of aldehydes in primary prevention of periodontitis.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at NHANES—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Homepage (cdc.gov).

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81830031, 82270496, 81970969, 82001088, 82101054), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20220309), the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (22KJB320003, 22KJA320002), Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M721677), Young Talents Project of the Orthodontics Committee of the Chinese Stomatological Association (COS-B2021-09), Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology and Education-Jiangsu Provincial Research Hospital Cultivation Unit (YJXYYJSDW4), and Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center (CXZX202227).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Xing Cui and Guirong Zhu contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China

    Xing Cui, Guirong Zhu, Junyan Lin, Catherine Huihan Chu, Kang Li, Liwen Fan, Changyue Xing, Lin Wang & Yongchu Pan

  2. Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China

    Xing Cui, Guirong Zhu, Junyan Lin, Catherine Huihan Chu, Kang Li, Liwen Fan, Changyue Xing, Lin Wang & Yongchu Pan

  3. Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China

    Xing Cui, Guirong Zhu, Junyan Lin, Catherine Huihan Chu, Kang Li, Liwen Fan, Changyue Xing, Lin Wang & Yongchu Pan

  4. State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China

    Lin Wang & Yongchu Pan

Authors
  1. Xing Cui
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Contributions

Xing Cui: Conceptualization; investigation; writing – original draft; data curation. Guirong Zhu: Methodology; investigation; writing – original draft; data curation. Junyan Lin: Software; methodology. Huihan Chu: Software; methodology. Kang Li: Methodology. Liwen Fan: Supervision; validation. Changyue Xing: Supervision; validation. Lin Wang: Conceptualization; funding acquisition; writing – review and editing. Yongchu Pan: Conceptualization; funding acquisition; writing – review and editing; project administration. All authors have given their final approval and agree to be accountable for the work.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Lin Wang or Yongchu Pan.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

The cohort included in this study received approval of Ethics Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics to enroll patients, and all participants provided written informed consent.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Cui, X., Zhu, G., Lin, J. et al. The association of aldehyde exposure with the risk of periodontitis: NHANES 2013–2014. Clin Oral Invest 28, 29 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-05451-y

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