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Altered physical–chemical properties of home bleaching gels after an accelerated stability study and their effects on tooth enamel

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Abstract

Objectives

To investigate the physical–chemical properties of home bleaching gels based on Carbamide Peroxide (CP) and Hydrogen Peroxide (HP) after accelerated stability (AS) and its effects on enamel.

Materials and Methods

A total of 360 bovine teeth blocks were divided (n = 12): Control, CP10%-Whiteness Perfect, CP10%-Pola Night, HP7.5%-Pola Day, and HP7.5%-White Class Calcium. Microhardness (KHN), roughness (Ra), color (ΔE and ΔE00), hardness, compressibility, elasticity, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, weight, pH, and calcium (Ca) quantification in enamel were analyzed without storage of the bleaching gels and after AS at 1 and 3 months. Data of Ca, KHN, and Ra were analyzed through mixed models for repeated measurements and the Tukey–Kramer test. Values of weight, hardness, compressibility, and elasticity were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. ΔE/ΔE00 data, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests (α = 0.05).

Results

Groups subject to AS had lower ΔE and ΔE00 compared to those without storage. Lower KHN and higher Ra values were found after bleaching treatment in all groups compared to controls. Higher amounts of Ca were found on the first day of evaluation in the gels subject to AS for 3 months, regardless of the bleaching agent used.

Conclusions

Incorrectly stored bleaching gel accentuates adverse effects on enamel. Temperature and humidity interfere directly with the chemical stability of bleaching agents, reducing their properties.

Clinical relevance

HP is an unstable oxidizing agent when stored at high temperatures. Therefore, pH becomes more acidic and potentiates the demineralizing effect on enamel.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture at the University of São Paulo (CENA—USP) for aid in the chemical analysis of the calcium.

Funding

This study was partially supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance code 001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Restorative Dentistry—Operative Dentistry Division, Piracicaba Dental School—University of Campinas, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil

    Danielle Ferreira Sobral-Souza, Thayla Hellen Nunes Gouveia, Mariangela Ivette Guanipa Ortiz, Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar & Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima

  2. Department of Chemical, University of São Paulo—USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 140040-900, Brazil

    André Luís Condeles & José Carlos Toledo Junior

  3. Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil

    Michelle Franz-Montan

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  1. Danielle Ferreira Sobral-Souza
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Contributions

Danielle Ferreira Sobral-Souza was involved in conceptualization, writing—original draft preparation, methodology, formal analysis and investigation, data curation, validation, writing—review and editing.

Thayla Hellen Nunes Gouveia helped in conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing.

Mariangela Ivette Guanipa Ortiz contributed to conceptualization, methodology, writing—review & editing.

André Luís Condeles was involved in formal analysis and investigation, data curation, writing—review & editing.

José Carlos Toledo Junior helped in conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis and investigation, data curation, resources, writing—review & editing.

Michelle Franz-Montan contributed to conceptualization, methodology, writing—review & editing.

Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar was involved in conceptualization, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, writing—review & editing.

Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima helped in conceptualization, writing—original draft preparation, methodology, validation, data curation, formal analysis, writing—review & editing, resources, supervision, project administration.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima.

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Sobral-Souza, D.F., Gouveia, T.H.N., Ortiz, M.I.G. et al. Altered physical–chemical properties of home bleaching gels after an accelerated stability study and their effects on tooth enamel. Clin Oral Invest 26, 7229–7242 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04683-8

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