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Prevalence of toothache and associated factors in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

Objectives

This systematic review aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of toothache in children and adolescents and to verify its association with sociodemographic characteristics and dental caries experience.

Material and methods

Six main and three grey literature databases were searched in February 2021. Observational studies that assessed the prevalence of toothache and associated factors were included. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated following the guidelines by Fowkes and Fulton. Proportion and association meta-analyses were performed in MedCalc and Revman software, respectively. The certainty of the evidence was determined with the GRADE approach.

Results

Seventy-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-two presented high methodological quality and a low risk of bias. The overall pooled prevalence of toothache in children and adolescents was 36.2% (95%CI: 33.0–39.42; I2: 99.72%; P < 0.001). Females (OR: 1.17; 95%CI: 1.08–1.26; I2: 91%; P < 0.001) and children and adolescents whose caregivers had ≤ 8 years of schooling (OR: 1.42; 95%CI: 1.30–1.56; I2: 77%; P < 0.001) presented the higher chance of reporting toothache. Dental caries experience increased the chance of reporting toothache in 3.49 times (95%CI: 2.70–4.51; I2: 92%; P < 0.001). The certainty of the evidence was very low.

Conclusions

The overall pooled prevalence of toothache was considered high. Sociodemographic characteristics (sex and caregivers’ educational level) and previous dental caries experience were significantly associated with toothache reports.

Clinical relevance

Toothache is still a recurrent issue in many countries. Thus, it is essential to understand its possible associated factors to reduce the occurrence of new episodes.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, P.S.S., upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We want to thank the authors of primary studies that kindly responded to our data and information requests.

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) — Brazil, grant number 001.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil

    Pablo Silveira Santos, Jéssica Copetti Barasuol, Bárbara Suelen Moccelini, Michele Bolan & Mariane Cardoso

  2. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Marcela Baraúna Magno & Lucianne Cople Maia

  3. Department of Child and Adolescent Oral Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minhas Gerais, Brazil

    Paulo Antônio Martins-Junior

Authors
  1. Pablo Silveira Santos
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  2. Jéssica Copetti Barasuol
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  3. Bárbara Suelen Moccelini
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  4. Marcela Baraúna Magno
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  5. Michele Bolan
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  6. Paulo Antônio Martins-Junior
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  7. Lucianne Cople Maia
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  8. Mariane Cardoso
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Contributions

Mr. Santos, Dr. Barasuol, and Ms. Moccelini conceptualized and designed the study, collected data, performed the analyses, drafted the initial manuscript, and revised the manuscript.

Dr. Magno, Dr. Martins-Junior, and Dr. Bolan supervised data collection and the analyses, and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content.

Dr. Maia and Dr. Cardoso conceptualized and designed the study, coordinated and supervised data collection, and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content.

All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

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Correspondence to Pablo Silveira Santos.

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Santos, P.S., Barasuol, J.C., Moccelini, B.S. et al. Prevalence of toothache and associated factors in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Invest 26, 1105–1119 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-04255-2

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