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Assessment of craniofacial maturation in preadolescents with cleft lip and/or palate using the cervical vertebral maturation method

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Abstract

Objectives

Aberrant growth of the maxillomandibular complex in patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) can be managed with dentofacial orthopaedics. However, no consensus has been reached regarding timing and evolution of the maturational stages. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine if patients with CL/P have an increased risk for delayed craniofacial maturation.

Materials and methods

A sample of 246 cleft patients and 210 non-affected individuals was retrospectively compiled. Cephalometric radiographs taken between the ages of 10 and 14 years (girls) and 12 and 16 years (boys) were collected and assessed with the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method.

Results

In boys, no significant association between the presence of CL/P and a CVM score of CS3 or higher was observed in any age subsample. This was similar for a CVM score of CS5 or higher. Girls in the CL/P group had a significant lower probability of having a CVM score of at least CS3 in the subsample with age 11 to 12 (p = 0.001) and a borderline non-significant lower probability of having a CVM score of at least CS5 in the subsample with age 12 to 13 (p = 0.055).

Conclusions

The current study demonstrated a discrete delay in skeletal maturation before the pubertal growth spurt of (pre)adolescents with CL/P, especially girls. This delay was less apparent at the end of the pubertal growth spurt.

Clinical relevance

This research suggests that the craniofacial maturational stages relevant for dentofacial orthopaedic treatment in cleft patients, especially girls, occur at higher chronological age. Further research must quantify this delay, investigate its clinical significance, and determine its effect on the timing of dentofacial orthopaedic treatment.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Dr. S. De Buyser for the statistical analyses.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oral Health Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Laurent A. M. Thierens, Laura Manalili, Noëmi De Roo & Guy A. M. De Pauw

  2. Centre for Congenital Facial Anomalies, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

    Laurent A. M. Thierens & Guy A. M. De Pauw

  3. Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Laurent A. M. Thierens, An Verdonck & Maria Cadenas De Llano-Pérula

  4. Leuven Cleft Lip and Palate Team, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    An Verdonck & Maria Cadenas De Llano-Pérula

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  1. Laurent A. M. Thierens
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  2. Laura Manalili
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  6. Guy A. M. De Pauw
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Laurent AM Thierens and Laura Manalili. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Laurent AM Thierens, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Laurent A. M. Thierens.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee (Ethics Committee Ghent University Hospital with reference 2019/1064; Ethics Committee University Hospitals Leuven with reference S63027) and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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The study was performed anonymized. Therefore, no informed consents were obtained.

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Thierens, L.A.M., Manalili, L., De Roo, N. et al. Assessment of craniofacial maturation in preadolescents with cleft lip and/or palate using the cervical vertebral maturation method. Clin Oral Invest 25, 4851–4859 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03790-2

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