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Association between periodontitis and Alzheimer’s disease and its impact on the self-perceived oral health status: a case-control study

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Abstract

Purpose

To test the hypothesis that periodontitis is associated with AD and search whether periodontal and other variables would negatively impact the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) perception.

Materials and methods

Oral examinations and interview on self-perceived oral health status (Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) questionnaire (higher score corresponds to better perceived oral status)) were carried out and socio-demographic data were collected from outpatients with mild to moderate AD (cases, n = 50) and from their age- and sex-matched family caregivers (controls, n = 52). Full-mouth periodontal examination was performed. Significance of differences between groups was sought by chi-square, Student’s t, or the Mann-Whitney test. The association between the variables periodontitis, probing depth (PD) ≥ 5 mm, and clinical attachment loss (CAL) ≥ 5 mm with the variable group was tested in binary logistic regression models (LRMs). LRMs were used to test the association of oral findings, demographics, and group with GOHAI.

Results

Cases had fewer teeth and greater CAL than controls. Cases had a superior percentage of sites with plaque, calculus, and bleeding on probing than controls. Cases had greater GOHAI scores than controls. Periodontitis was a variable most likely associated with AD (OR = 11.08, p < 0.001). None of the oral findings or demographics, but group, was associated with GOHAI (OR = 14.45, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Periodontitis is associated with AD, but not with patients’ OHRQoL.

Clinical relevance

Health care professionals must be aware that AD patients should have a periodic thorough oral examination and preventive intervention aiming at their welfare and maintenance of a pain-free functional dentition.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the IPUB UFRJ staff and, particularly, Dr. Valeska Marinho Rodrigues and Dr. Marcia Cristina Nascimento Dourado whose professionalism and willingness to collaborate have made this work possible.

Funding

This study was financially supported, in part, by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), Ministry of Education, Brasilia, Brazil.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Graduate Periodontics - School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Raquel de Oliveira Araújo, German Eduardo M. Villoria, Jônatas Caldeira Esteves, Anna Thereza Thomé Leão & Eduardo Jorge Feres-Filho

  2. Institute for Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Ronir Raggio Luiz

  3. Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil

    Eduardo Jorge Feres-Filho

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  1. Raquel de Oliveira Araújo
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  2. German Eduardo M. Villoria
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  3. Ronir Raggio Luiz
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  4. Jônatas Caldeira Esteves
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  5. Anna Thereza Thomé Leão
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Raquel de Oliveira Araújo and German Eduardo M. Villoria were involved in patient screening and data collection. Ronir Raggio Luiz, Anna Thereza Thomé Leão, and Raquel de Oliveira Araújo performed the statistical analysis. Eduardo Jorge Feres Filho and Anna Thereza Thomé Leão drafted the manuscript. All authors revised de manuscript and approved its final version.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eduardo Jorge Feres-Filho.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital (protocol # 2.494.598) and of Psychiatric Institute (protocol # 2.496.753) of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, this study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975.

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de Oliveira Araújo, R., Villoria, G.E.M., Luiz, R.R. et al. Association between periodontitis and Alzheimer’s disease and its impact on the self-perceived oral health status: a case-control study. Clin Oral Invest 25, 555–562 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03489-w

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