Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Bisphenol A concentration in human saliva related to dental polymer-based fillings

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Clinical Oral Investigations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

The aims of this study were to quantify salivary concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) and to assess if presence of dental composite fillings is associated with higher BPA levels in saliva.

Materials and methods

Twenty individuals with six or more tooth surfaces filled with polymer-based dental materials (composite group) and 20 individuals without any polymer-based materials (control group) were included in the study. Saliva was collected in polypropylene tubes and stored at −80 °C before analysis. Concentration of free (unconjugated) and total bisphenol A was determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Values below limit of detection (0.1 ng/mL) were set to one-half of the limit of detection. Mann-Whitney U test (one sided; the Exact Tests Option in IBM-SPSS version 21) was used for the statistical analyses.

Results

The concentration of BPA in saliva was very low. In the composite group, 8 of 20 samples had detectable concentrations of BPA. In the control group, 3 of 20 samples had detectable concentrations of BPA. Statistical analysis indicated that the concentration of unconjugated BPA was slightly higher in the composite group (p = 0.044) than in the control group.

Conclusions

Presence of dental composites may be associated with slightly higher concentration of unconjugated BPA in saliva. However, additional studies using sensitive analytical methods are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn. Influence from other factors, like food intake and time of the day for saliva sampling, must be considered.

Clinical relevance

The relative contribution of existing polymer-based dental fillings to total BPA exposure seems to be low.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Crain DA, Eriksen M, Iguchi T, Jobling S, Laufer H, LeBlanc GA, Guillette LJ Jr (2007) An ecological assessment of bisphenol-a: evidence from comparative biology. Reprod Toxicol 24:225–239. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.05.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. SCENIHR (2015) Opinion on the safety of the use of bisphenol A in medical devices. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks. http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/opinions/index_en.htm. Accessed 18 February 2015

  3. Ashby J, Odum J, Paton D, Lefevre PA, Beresford N, Sumpter JP (2000) Re-evaluation of the first synthetic estrogen, 1-keto-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydrophenanthrene, and bisphenol a, using both the ovariectomised rat model used in 1933 and additional assays. Toxicol Lett 115:231–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Rochester JR (2013) Bisphenol a and human health: a review of the literature. Reprod Toxicol 42:132–155. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.08.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Welshons WV, Nagel SC, vom Saal FS (2006) Large effects from small exposures. III. Endocrine mechanisms mediating effects of bisphenol a at levels of human exposure. Endocrinology 147:S56–S69. doi:10.1210/en.2005-1159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Beronius A, Ruden C, Hakansson H, Hanberg A (2010) Risk to all or none? A comparative analysis of controversies in the health risk assessment of bisphenol a. Reprod Toxicol 29:132–146. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.11.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Beronius A, Hanberg A, Zilliacus J, Ruden C (2014) Bridging the gap between academic research and regulatory health risk assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Curr Opin Pharmacol 19:99–104. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2014.08.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. EFSA (2015) Scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol a (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 13. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978

  9. Wilson NK, Chuang JC, Morgan MK, Lordo RA, Sheldon LS (2007) An observational study of the potential exposures of preschool children to pentachlorophenol, bisphenol-a, and nonylphenol at home and daycare. Environ Res 103:9–20. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2006.04.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Vandenberg LN, Hunt PA, Myers JP, Vom Saal FS (2013) Human exposures to bisphenol a: mismatches between data and assumptions. Rev Environ Health 28:37–58. doi:10.1515/reveh-2012-0034

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Stahlhut RW, Welshons WV, Swan SH (2009) Bisphenol a data in NHANES suggest longer than expected half-life, substantial nonfood exposure, or both. Environ Health Perspect 117:784–789. doi:10.1289/ehp.0800376

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Hormann AM, Vom Saal FS, Nagel SC, Stahlhut RW, Moyer CL, Ellersieck MR, Welshons WV, Toutain PL, Taylor JA (2014) Holding thermal receipt paper and eating food after using hand sanitizer results in high serum bioactive and urine total levels of bisphenol a (BPA). PLoS One 9:e110509. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110509

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Gayrard V, Lacroix MZ, Collet SH, Viguie C, Bousquet-Melou A, Toutain PL, Picard-Hagen N (2013) High bioavailability of bisphenol a from sublingual exposure. Environ Health Perspect 121:951–956. doi:10.1289/ehp.1206339

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Schmalz G, Preiss A, Arenholt-Bindslev D (1999) Bisphenol-a content of resin monomers and related degradation products. Clin Oral Investig 3:114–119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Olea N, Pulgar R, Perez P, Olea-Serrano F, Rivas A, Novillo-Fertrell A, Pedraza V, Soto AM, Sonnenschein C (1996) Estrogenicity of resin-based composites and sealants used in dentistry. Environ Health Perspect 104:298–305

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Van Landuyt KL, Nawrot T, Geebelen B, De Munck J, Snauwaert J, Yoshihara K, Scheers H, Godderis L, Hoet P, Van Meerbeek B (2011) How much do resin-based dental materials release? A meta-analytical approach. Dent Mater 27:723–747. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2011.05.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs (2014) Determination of bisphenol a released from resin-based composite dental restoratives. J Am Dent Assoc 145:763–765. doi:10.14219/jada.2014.42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kingman A, Hyman J, Masten SA, Jayaram B, Smith C, Eichmiller F, Arnold MC, Wong PA, Schaeffer JM, Solanki S, Dunn WJ (2012) Bisphenol a and other compounds in human saliva and urine associated with the placement of composite restorations. J Am Dent Assoc 143:1292–1302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Olstad ML, Holland RI, Wandel N, Pettersen AH (1987) Correlation between amalgam restorations and mercury concentrations in urine. J Dent Res 66:1179–1182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang D, Fan C, Zhang J, Zhang CH (2009) Nonparametric methods for measurements below detection limit. Stat Med 28:700–715. doi:10.1002/sim.3488

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hornung R, Reed L (1990) Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values. Appl Occup Hyg 5:46–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Fung EYK, Ewoldsen NO, Germain HA S, Marx DB, Miaw C-L, Siew C, Chou H-N, Gruninger SE, Meyer DM (2000) Pharmacokinetics of bisphenol a released from a dental sealant. J Am Dent Assoc 131:51–58. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2000.0019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Volkel W, Colnot T, Csanady GA, Filser JG, Dekant W (2002) Metabolism and kinetics of bisphenol a in humans at low doses following oral administration. Chem Res Toxicol 15:1281–1287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Han DH, Kim MJ, Jun EJ, Kim JB (2012) Salivary bisphenol-a levels due to dental sealant/resin: a case-control study in Korean children. J Korean Med Sci 27:1098–1104. doi:10.3346/jkms.2012.27.9.1098

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Sasaki N, Okuda K, Kato T, Kakishima H, Okuma H, Abe K, Tachino H, Tuchida K, Kubono K (2005) Salivary bisphenol-a levels detected by ELISA after restoration with composite resin. J Mater Sci Mater Med 16:297–300. doi:10.1007/s10856-005-0627-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Zimmerman-Downs JM, Shuman D, Stull SC, Ratzlaff RE (2010) Bisphenol a blood and saliva levels prior to and after dental sealant placement in adults. J Dent Hyg 84:145–150

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kang YG, Kim JY, Kim J, Won PJ, Nam JH (2011) Release of bisphenol a from resin composite used to bond orthodontic lingual retainers. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 140:779–789. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.04.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Ohkuma H, Abe K, Ito M, Kokado A, Kambegawa A, Maeda M (2002) Development of a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bisphenol a in serum. Analyst 127:93–97. doi:10.1039/b103515k

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dekant W, Volkel W (2008) Human exposure to bisphenol a by biomonitoring: methods, results and assessment of environmental exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 228:114–134. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2007.12.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fukata H, Miyagawa H, Yamazaki N, Mori C (2006) Comparison of Elisa- and LC-MS-based methodologies for the exposure assessment of bisphenol a. Toxicol Mech Methods 16:427–430. doi:10.1080/15376520600697404

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Loganathan SN, Kannan K (2011) Occurrence of bisphenol a in indoor dust from two locations in the eastern United States and implications for human exposures. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 61:68–73. doi:10.1007/s00244-010-9634-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Noda M, Komatsu H, Sano H (1999) HPLC analysis of dental resin composites components. J Biomed Mater Res 47:374–378

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Vandenberg LN, Gerona RR, Kannan K, Taylor JA, van Breemen RB, Dickenson CA, Liao C, Yuan Y, Newbold RR, Padmanabhan V, Vom Saal FS, Woodruff TJ (2014) A round robin approach to the analysis of bisphenol a (BPA) in human blood samples. Environ Health 13:25. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-13-25

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors want to give a special thanks to the participants of this study. Support from The Public Dental Services in Hordaland County and skilful help from personnel at the dental clinics (Årstad, Nesttun and SiB/Student welfare organization in Bergen) are gratefully acknowledged. We also acknowledge Margareta Maxe for performing skilful technical assistance with the analyses of BPA. The Norwegian Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit and the Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway are funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services. The study was supported by a grant from the Norwegian Directorate of Health.

Authors’ contributions

LB conceived the study and TLLB, LB and GBL designed the study protocol. TLLB was responsible for the clinical part of the study and for the application to the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics. BAGJ and CHL developed the analytical method and were responsible for the analysis of BPA. TLLB wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors have critically reviewed and contributed to the manuscript. The final version was approved by all authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit, Uni Research Health, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway

    T. L. L. Berge, G. B. Lygre & L. Björkman

  2. Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway, Hordaland, Bergen, Norway

    T. L. L. Berge

  3. Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    B. A. G. Jönsson & C. H. Lindh

  4. Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

    L. Björkman

Authors
  1. T. L. L. Berge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. B. Lygre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. A. G. Jönsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. C. H. Lindh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. L. Björkman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. L. L. Berge.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Funding

The work was supported by the Norwegian Directorate of Health.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by The Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics, South-East Norway (REK 2012/602).

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

B. A. G. Jönsson passed away on 24 November 2016

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(PDF 152 kb).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Berge, T.L.L., Lygre, G.B., Jönsson, B.A.G. et al. Bisphenol A concentration in human saliva related to dental polymer-based fillings. Clin Oral Invest 21, 2561–2568 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2055-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2055-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation