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Flavin-mediated reductive iron mobilization from frog M and Mycobacterial ferritins: impact of their size, charge and reactivities with NADH/O2

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Abstract

In vitro, reductive mobilization of ferritin iron using suitable electron transfer mediators has emerged as a possible mechanism to mimic the iron release process, in vivo. Nature uses flavins as electron relay molecules for important biological oxidation and oxygenation reactions. Therefore, the current work utilizes three flavin analogues: riboflavin (RF), flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which differ in size and charge but have similar redox potentials, to relay electron from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to ferritin mineral core. Of these, the smallest/neutral analogue, RF, released more iron (~ three fold) in comparison to the larger and negatively charged FMN and FAD. Although iron mobilization got marred during the initial stages under aerobic conditions, but increased with a greater slope at the later stages of the reaction kinetics, which gets inhibited by superoxide dismutase, consistent with the generation of O2∙− in situ. The initial step, i.e., interaction of flavins with NADH played critical role in the iron release process. Overall, the flavin-mediated reductive iron mobilization from ferritins occurred via two competitive pathways, involving the reduced form of flavins either alone (anaerobic condition) or in combination with O2∙− intermediate (aerobic condition). Moreover, faster iron release was observed for ferritins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis than from bullfrog, indicating the importance of protein nanocage and the advantages they provide to the respective organisms. Therefore, these structure–reactivity studies of flavins with NADH/O2 holds significance in ferritin iron release, bioenergetics, O2-based cellular toxicity and may be potentially exploited in the treatment of methemoglobinemia.

Graphic abstract

Smaller sized/neutral flavin analogue, riboflavin (RF) exhibits faster reactivity towards both NADH and O2 generating more amount of O2∙− and releases higher amount of iron from different ferritins, compared to its larger sized/negatively charged derivatives such as FMN and FAD.

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Abbreviations

ET:

Electron transfer

LZ:

Lumazine

RF:

Riboflavin

FMN:

Flavin mononucleotide

FAD:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Fox :

Ferroxidase center

Mtb :

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

BfrA:

Bacterioferritin A

BfrB:

Bacterioferritin B

Frog M:

Bullfrog ferritin with M subunits

PAGE:

Poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis

E 1/2 :

Midpoint potential

CV:

Cyclic voltammetry

SWV:

Square wave voltammetry

DPV:

Differential pulsed voltammetry

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

MOPS:

3-(N-Morpholino) propane sulfonic acid

NADH:

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

Flox :

Oxidized flavin quinone

Flsq :

1 e− reduced flavin semi-quinone

Flred :

2 e− reduced flavin hydroquinone

Fz:

Ferrozine

Tyr:

Tyrosine

Trp:

Tryptophan

pI:

Isoelectric point

PDB:

Protein data bank

MM-GBSA:

Molecular Mechanics energies combined with the Generalized Born and Surface Area continuum solvation

MD:

Molecular docking

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), India (EMR/2016/003894) to R.K.B. and P.K.K., and Department of Biotechnology (DBT), India (BT/PR22042/NNT/28/1247/2017) to R.K.B. and A.P. Authors are thankful to Dr. Elizabeth C. Theil (C.H.O.R.I., USA), Dr. Anil K. Tyagi and Dr. Garima Khare (University of Delhi South Campus, India) and to Dr. Anadi C. Dash (NISER, India) and Dr. Ruma Banerjee (University of Michigan, USA) for their generous support in providing the ferritin clones and for their critical suggestions, respectively. The authors are also thankful to Ms. Sunita Dhaka and Mr. Jayanta Kumar Murmu for their experimental assistance.

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  1. Prashanth Kumar Koochana and Abhinav Mohanty contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India

    Prashanth Kumar Koochana, Abhinav Mohanty, Akankshika Parida, Narmada Behera & Rabindra K. Behera

  2. Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India

    Pabitra Mohan Behera & Anshuman Dixit

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  1. Prashanth Kumar Koochana
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Correspondence to Rabindra K. Behera.

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Dedicated to Prof. Elizabeth C. Theil (Professor—Emeritus, CHORI and NCSU, USA).

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Electronic Supplementary Material

Details of isoelectric point and charge at neutral pH for frog M and Mycobacterial ferritins, electrochemical (cyclic, square wave and differential pulse voltammograms) analysis of flavin mediators, kinetics and initial rates of iron release by flavin mediators from different ferritins, kinetics of NADH oxidation and dissolved O2 consumption at different concentration of flavin mediators, kinetics of iron release by discontinuous ferrozine assay, effect of SOD and kinetics of formation of formazan at different time intervals, kinetics of iron release by flavins under anaerobic conditions and in the presence of SOD and molecular docking results for NADH-flavins/flavins-ferritins interaction. (PDF 2200 KB)

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Koochana, P.K., Mohanty, A., Parida, A. et al. Flavin-mediated reductive iron mobilization from frog M and Mycobacterial ferritins: impact of their size, charge and reactivities with NADH/O2 . J Biol Inorg Chem 26, 265–281 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-021-01850-2

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