Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Polarized endoplasmic reticulum aggregations in the establishing division plane of protodermal cells of the fern Asplenium nidus

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Protoplasma Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The determination of the division plane in protodermal cells of the fern Asplenium nidus occurs during interphase with the formation of the phragmosome, the organization of which is controlled by the actomyosin system. Usually, the phragmosomes between adjacent cells were oriented on the same plane. In the phragmosomal cortical cytoplasm, an interphase microtubule (MT) ring was formed and large quantities of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes were gathered, forming an interphase U-like ER bundle. During preprophase/prophase, the interphase MT ring and the U-like ER bundle were transformed into a MT and an ER preprophase band (PPB), respectively. Parts of the ER-PPB were maintained during mitosis. Furthermore, the plasmalemma as well as the nuclear envelope displayed local polarization on the phragmosome plane, while the cytoplasm between them was occupied by distinct ER aggregations. These consistent findings suggest that Α. nidus protodermal cells constitute a unique system in which three elements of the endomembrane system (ER, plasmalemma, and nuclear envelope) show specific characteristics in the establishing division plane. Our experimental data support that the organization of the U-like ER bundle is controlled on a cellular level by the actomyosin system and intercellularly by factors emitted from the leaf apex. The possible role of the above endomembrane system elements on the mechanism that coordinates the determination of the division plane between adjacent cells in protodermal tissue of A. nidus is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AF-PPB:

Actin filament-preprophase band

CLSM:

Confocal laser scanning microscope

CRT:

Calreticulin

CPA:

Cyclopiazonic acid

CW:

Cell wall

DIC:

Differential interference contrast

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

GMC:

Guard cell mother cell

ML-7:

1-(5-Iodonaphtalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexohydro-1,4-diazepine

MT:

Microtubule

MT-PPB:

Microtubule preprophase band

N:

Nucleus

PPB:

Preprophase band

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

References

  • Abraham A, Ninan CA, Mathew PM (1962) Studies on the cytology and phylogeny of the pteridophytes. VII. Observations on one hundred species of south Indian ferns. J Indian Bot Soc 41:339–421

    Google Scholar 

  • Apostolakos P, Galatis B (1993) Interphase and preprophase microtubule organization in some polarized cell types of the liverwort Marchantia paleacea Bert. New Phytol 124:409–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apostolakos P, Galatis B (1999) Microtubule and actin filament organization during stomatal morphogenesis in the fern Asplenium nidus. II. Guard cells. New Phytol 141:209–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apostolakos P, Galatis B, Katsaros C, Schnepf E (1990) Tubulin conformation in microtubule-free cells of Vigna sinensis. Protoplasma 154:132–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apostolakos P, Panteris E, Galatis B (1997) Microtubule and actin filament organization during stomatal morphogenesis in the fern Asplenium nidus I. Guard cell mother cell. Protoplasma 198:93–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apostolakos P, Panteris E, Galatis B (2008) The involvement of phospholipases C and D in the asymmetric division of subsidiary cell mother cells of Zea mays. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 65:863–875

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blilou I, Xu J, Wildwater M, Willemsen V, Paponov I, Friml J, Heidstra R, Aida M, Palme K, Scheres B (2005) The PIN auxin efflux facilitator network controls growth and patterning in Arabidopsis roots. Nature 433:39–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boruc J, Zhou X, Meier I (2012) Dynamics of the plant nuclear envelope and nuclear pore. Plant Physiol 158:78–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandizzi F, Wasteneys GO (2013) Cytoskeleton-dependent endomembrane organization in plant cells: an emerging role for microtubules. Plant J 75:339–349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler SR, Ehrhardt DW (2002) Polarized cytokinesis in vacuolated cells of Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:2812–2817

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dharmasiri N, Dharmasiri S, Weijers D, Lechner E, Yamada M, Hobbie L, Ehrismann JS, Jürgens G, Estelle M (2005) Plant development is regulated by a family of auxin receptor F box proteins. Dev Cell 9:109–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhonukshe P, Kleine-Vehn J, Friml J (2005a) Cell polarity, auxin transport and cytoskeleton - mediated division planes: who comes first? Protoplasma 226:67–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhonukshe P, Mathur J, Hülskamp M, Gadella T (2005b) Microtubule plus-ends reveal essential links between intracellular polarization and localized modulation of endocytosis during division-plane establishment in plant cells. BMC Biology 3:11–25

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhonukshe P, Baluška F, Schlicht M, Hlavacka A, Šamaj J, Friml J, Gadella TW Jr (2006) Endocytosis of cell surface material mediates cell plate formation during plant cytokinesis. Dev Cell 10:137–150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Domozych DS, Sørensen I, Sacks C, Brechka H, Andreas A, Fangel JU, Rose JK, Willats WG, Popper ZA (2014) Disruption of the microtubule network alters cellulose deposition and causes major changes in pectin distribution in the cell wall of the green alga, Penium margaritaceum. J Exp Bot 65:465–479

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dudits D, Ábrahám E, Miskolczi P, Ayaydin F, Bilgin M, Horváth GV (2011) Cell-cycle control as a target for calcium, hormonal and developmental signals: the role of phosphorylation in the retinoblastoma-centred pathway. Ann Bot 107:1193–1202

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans DE, Shvedunova M, Graumann K (2011) The nuclear envelope in the plant cell cycle: structure, function and regulation. Ann Bot 107:1111–1118

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fontes EBP, Shank BB, Wrobel RL, Moose SP, O’Brian GR, Wurtzel ET, Boston RS (1991) Characterization of an immunoglobulin binding protein in the maize floury-2 endosperm mutant. Plant Cell 3:483–496

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster AS, Gifford EM (1974) Comparative morphology of vascular plants, 2nd edn. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Galatis Β (1977) Differentiation of stomatal meristemoids and guard cell mother cells into guard-like cells in Vigna sinensis leaves after colchicine treatment..An ultrastructural and experimental approach. Planta 136:103–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galatis B (1982) The organization of microtubules in guard cell mother cells of Zea mays. Can J Bot 60:1148–1166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galatis B, Apostolakos P (2004) The role of the cytoskeleton in the morphogenesis and function of stomatal complexes. New Phytol 161:613–639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galatis B, Apostolakos P, Palafoutas D (1986) Studies on the formation of floating guard cell mother cells in Anemia. J Cell Sci 80:29–55

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giannoutsou E, Apostolakos P, Galatis B (2011) Actin filament-organized local cortical endoplasmic reticulum aggregations in developing stomatal complexes of grasses. Protoplasma 248:373–390

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giannoutsou E, Galatis B, Zachariadis M, Apostolakos P (2012) Formation of an endoplasmic reticulum ring associated with acetylated microtubules in the angiosperm preprophase band. Cytoskeleton 69:252–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goeger DE, Riley RT, Dorner JW, Cole RJ (1988) Cyclopiazonic acid inhibitions of the Ca+2 transport ATPase in rat skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Biochem Pharmacol 37:978–981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunning BES (1982) The cytokinetic apparatus: its development and spatial regulation. In: Lloyd CW (ed) The cytoskeleton in plant growth and development. Academic Press, London, pp 229–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupton SL, Collings DA, Allen NS (2006) Endoplasmic reticulum targeted GFP reveals ER organisation in tobacco NT-1 cells during cell division. Plant Physiol Biochem 44:95–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh WL, Pierce WS, Sze H (1991) Calcium pumping ATPases in vesicles from carrot cells. Stimulation by calmodulin or phosphatidylserine, and formation of a 120 kilodalton phosphoenzyme. Plant Physiol 97:1535–1544

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karagiannidou T, Eleftheriou E, Tsekos I, Galatis B, Apostolakos P (1995) Colchicine-induced paracrystals in root cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Ann Bot 76:23–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karahara I, Suda J, Tahara H, Yokota E, Shimmen T, Misaki K, Yonemura S, Staehelin A, Mineyuki Y (2009) The preprophase band is a localized center of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in late prophase cells of the onion cotyledon epidermis. Plant J 57:819–831

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karahara I, Staehelin LA, Mineyuki Y (2010) A role of endocytosis in plant cytokinesis. Commun Integr Biol 3:36–38

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami SM, Ito M, Kawakami S, Kondo K (1997) Induction of apogamy in twelve fern species and the study of their somatic chromosomes. Chromosome Sci 1:89–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Komis G, Apostolakos P, Galatis B (2003) Actomyosin is involved in the plasmolytic cycle. Gliding movement of the deplasmolyzing protoplast. Protoplasma 221:245–256

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korbei B, Luschning C (2013) Plasma membrane protein ubiquitylation and degradation as determinants of positional growth in plants. J Integ Plant Biol 55:809–823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd CW (1991) Cytoskeletal elements of the phragmosome establish the division plane in vacuolated higher plant cells. In: Lloyd CW (ed) The cytoskeletal basis of plant growth and form. Academic Press, London, pp 245–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas JR, Sack FD (2012) Polar development of preprophase bands and cell plates in the Arabidopsis leaf epidermis. Plant J 69:501–509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masoud K, Herzog E, Chabouté ME, Schmit AC (2013) Microtubule nucleation and establishment of the mitotic spindle in vascular plant cells. Plant J 75:245–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mauseth JD (2014) Botany: an introduction to plant biology, 5th edn. Burlington, MA. Jones & Bartlett Learning, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Mineyuki Y (1999) The preprophase band of microtubules: its function as a cytokinetic apparatus in higher plants. Int Rev Cytol 187:1–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller S, Wright AJ, Smith LG (2009) Division plane control in plants: new players in the band. Trends Cell Biol 19:180–188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Napier RM, Fowke LC, Hawes C, Lewis M, Pelham HR (1992) Immunological evidence that plants use both HDEL and KDEL for targeting proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Sci 102:261–271

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pagny S, Cabanes-Macheteau M, Gillikin JW, Leborgne-Castel N, Lerouge P, Boston RS, Faye L, Gomord V (2000) Protein recycling from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum in plants and its minor contribution to calreticulin retention. Plant Cell 12:739–756

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panteris E, Apostolakos P, Galatis B (1993) Microtubule organization and cell morphogenesis in two semi-lobed cell types of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. leaflets. New Phytol 125:509–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panteris E, Apostolakos P, Galatis B (1994) Sinuous ordinary epidermal cells: behind several patterns of waviness, a common morphogenetic mechanism. New Phytol 127:771–780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panteris E, Apostolakos P, Quader H, Galatis B (2004) A cortical cytoplasmic ring predicts the division plane in vacuolated cells of Coleus: the role of actomyosin and microtubules in the establishment and function of the division site. New Phytol 163:271–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panteris E, Komis G, Adamakis I-DS, Šamaj J, Bosabalidis AM (2010) MAP65 in tubulin/colchicine paracrystals of Vigna sinensis root cells: possible role in the assembly and stabilization of atypical tubulin polymers. Cytoskeleton 67:152–160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panteris E, Adamakis ID, Chanoumidou K (2013) The distribution of TPX2 in dividing leaf cells of the fern Asplenium nidus. Plant Biol 15:203–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perdiz D, Mackeh R, Poüs C, Baillet A (2011) The ins and outs of tubulin acetylation: more than just a post-translational modification? Cell Signal 23:763–771

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Péret B, De Rybel B, Casimiro I, Benková E, Swarup R, Laplaze L, Beeckman T, Bennett MJ (2009) Arabidopsis lateral root development: an emerging story. Trends Plant Sci 14:399–408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petricka JJ, Van Norman JM, Benfey PN (2009) Symmetry breaking in plants: molecular mechanisms regulating asymmetric cell divisions in Arabidopsis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 1:a000497

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petrovská B, Cenklová V, Pochylová Ž, Kourová H, Doskočilová A, Plíhal O, Binarová L, Binarová P (2012) Plant Aurora kinases play a role in maintenance of primary meristems and control of endoreduplication. New Phytol 193:590–604

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piperno G, Fuller MT (1985) Monoclonal antibodies specific for an acetylation form of alpha-tubulin recognize the antigen in cilia and flagella from a variety of organisms. J Cell Biol 101:2085–2094

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quader H, Zachariadis M (2006) The morphology and dynamics of the ER. In: Robinson DG (ed) The plant endoplasmic reticulum. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 1–23

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Quader H, Fast H, Manse H (1996) Formation and disintegration of lamellar cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum: regulatory aspects. In: Miller IM, Bradawls P (eds) Plant membrane biology (Proc Photochem Soc Eur), pp 185–197

  • Rasmussen CG, Humphries JA, Smith LG (2011) Determination of symmetric and asymmetric division planes in plant cells. Ann Rev Plant Biol 62:387–409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen CG, Wright AJ, Müller S (2013) The role of the cytoskeleton and associated proteins in determination of the plant cell division plane. Plant J 75:258–269, Special issue: “A glorious half-century of microtubules”

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabatini S, Beis D, Wolkenfelt HTM, Murfett J, Guilfoyle T, Malamy J, Benfey PN, Leyser O, Bechtold N, Weisbeek PJ, Scheres BJG (1999) An auxin-dependent distal organizer of pattern and polarity in the Arabidopsis root. Cell 99:463–472

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saitoh M, Ishikawa T, Matsushima S, Naka M, Hidaka H (1987) Selective inhibition of catalytic activity of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase. J Biol Chem 262:7796–7801

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Šamaj J, Peters M, Volkmann D, Baluška F (2000) Effects of myosin ATPase inhibitor 2,3-butanedione 2-monoxime on distributions of myosins, F-actin, microtubules and cortical endoplasmic reticulum in maize root apices. Plant Cell Physiol 41:571–582

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sawchuk MG, Scarpella E (2013) Polarity, continuity and alignment in plant vascular strands. J Integr Plant Biol 55:824–834

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scarpella E, Barkoulas M, Tsiantis M (2010) Control of leaf and vein development by auxin. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2(1):a001511

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seidler NW, Jona I, Vegh M, Martonosi A (1989) Cyclopiazonic acid is a specific inhibitor of the Ca+2-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 264:17816–17823

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinnott EW, Bloch R (1940) Cytoplasmic behaviour during division of vacuolate plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 26:223–227

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinnott EW, Bloch R (1941) Division in vacuolate plant cells. Am J Bot 28:225–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Damme D, Geelen D (2008) Demarcation of the cortical division zone in dividing plant cells. Cell Biol Int 32:178–187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Damme D, Vanstraelen M, Geelen D (2007) Cortical division zone establishment in plant cells. Trends Plant Sci 12:458–464

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanneste S, Friml J (2013) Calcium: the missing link in auxin action. Plants 2:650–675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varvarigos V, Galatis B, Katsaros C (2007) Radial endoplasmic reticulum arrays co-localize with radial F-actin in polarizing cells of brown algae. Eur J Phycol 42:253–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vos JW, Pieuchot L, Evrard JL, Janski N, Bergdoll M, de Ronde D, Perez LH, Sardon T, Vernos I, Schmit AC (2008) The plant TPX2 protein regulates prospindle assembly before nuclear envelope breakdown. Plant Cell 20:2783–2797

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warren Wilson J, Warren Wilson PM (1984) Control of tissue patterns in normal development and in regeneration. In: Barlow PW, Carr DJ (eds) Positional controls in plant development. Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK, pp 225–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Wick SM (1991) The preprophase band. In: Lloyd CW (ed) The cytoskeletal basis of plant growth and form. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu XM, Zhao Q, Rodrigo-Peiris T, Brkljacic J, He CS, Muller S, Meier I (2008) RanGAP1 is a continuous marker of the Arabidopsis cell division plane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:18637–18642

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zachariadis M, Quader H, Galatis B, Apostolakos P (2001) Endoplasmic reticulum preprophase band in dividing root-tip cells of Pinus brutia. Planta 213:824–827

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zachariadis M, Quader H, Galatis B, Apostolakos P (2003) Organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in dividing cells of the gymnosperms Pinus brutia and Pinus nigra, and of the pterophyte Asplenium nidus. Cell Biol Intern 27:31–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zachariadis M, Quader H, Galatis B, Apostolakos P (2004) An inhibitor of the ATP-dependent endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-pump affects spindle organization in dividing cells of the angiosperm Triticum turgidum but not in species of gymnosperms and pteridophytes. J Biol Res 2:3–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Boston RS (1992) Increases in binding protein (BiP) accompany changes in protein body morphology in three high-lysine mutants of maize. Protoplasma 171:142–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Mallery E, Reagan S, Boyko VP, Kotchoni SO, Szymanski DB (2013) The endoplasmic reticulum is a reservoir for WAVE/SCAR regulatory complex signaling in the Arabidopsis leaf. Plant Physiol 162:689–706

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their thanks to Dr. H. Quader (Biocentre Klein Flothek, University of Hamburg) for access to their TEM facilities and to Prof. R. Boston (Department of Botany, North Karolina State University) for her kind offer of the antibodies. They also thank Dr. E. Rigana (Biological Imaging Unit, Foundation of Biomedical Research, Athens, Greece) for the use of CLSM, and Dr. K. Karpouzis for the preparation of the video material. This work was financed by the University of Athens.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece

    E. Giannoutsou, P. Sotiriou, P. Apostolakos & B. Galatis

Authors
  1. E. Giannoutsou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. Sotiriou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. Apostolakos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. Galatis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to B. Galatis.

Additional information

Handling Editor: Anne-Catherine Schmit

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Suppl. Fig. 1

(a-d) Protodermal areas from different leaf regions. In each of them, all the stomatal complexes are in the same developmental stage. The arrows show in (a) newly formed GMCs, in (b) advanced interphase GMCs, in (c) newly formed stomata and in (d) mature stomata. Scale bar = 10 μm (TIFF 4156 kb)

High resolution image (GIF 301 kb)

Suppl. Fig. 2

(a-h) Protodermal cell displaying a phragmosome in a series of paradermal semithin sections stained with toluidine blue. The arrows point to the phragmosome plane. In (a) the section passes near the external periclinal cell wall, while in (h) near the internal periclinal cell wall. Scale bar = 10 μm. (TIFF 4518 kb)

High resolution image (GIF 358 kb)

Suppl. Fig. 3

Maximum projection of an image stack of 24 optical sections taken by CLSM of a protodermal area after ER immunolocalization and DNA staining with Hoechst 33258. The focal step size between confocal optical sections was 7 μm. Confocal image stacks were analyzed using Lasaf software. The ER is depicted by secondary FITC antibody in green, while the nuclei by Hoechst in blue. The projection shows clearly the U-like ER bundles in the majority of the protodermal cells as well as their arrangement in the same plane between adjacent cells. Scale bar = 20 μm. (TIFF 26466 kb)

High resolution image (GIF 443 kb)

Suppl. Fig. 4

(a, c) TEM micrographs of an interphase (a) and a preprophase (c) protodermal cell treated with 25 μM CPA for 24 h, that display a well organized phragmosome (N: nucleus, V: vacuole) Scale bars = 3 μm (a), 5 μm (c). (b, d) The areas of the phragmosome outlined by the frame in (a) and (c) in higher magnification. The arrows point to local ER aggregations in the cortical cytoplasm of the phragmosome. Scale bars = 300 nm (b, d) (TIFF 9546 kb)

High resolution image (GIF 730 kb)

Suppl. Fig. 5

TEM micrograph of an interphase (asterisk) and a prophase (square) protodermal cell treated with 25 μM CPA for 24 h. The arrows indicate nuclear envelope dilations in the phragmosome plane (N: nucleus, V: vacuole). Scale bar = 5 μm (TIFF 5042 kb)

High resolution image (GIF 327 kb)

Suppl. Fig. 6

(a-d) Area of the nucleus in the phragmosome plane of protodermal cells treated with 25 μM CPA for 24 h. The micrographs show nuclear outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and the arrows ER elements. N: nucleus. Scale bars = 300 nm. (TIFF 9609 kb)

High resolution image (GIF 900 kb)

Video 1

Animated z-stack series of interphase protodermal cells observed by CLSM after ER immunodetection with 2E7 antibody. The ER appears green. At the beginning, the video focus on the cortical cytoplasm adjacent to the external periclinal cell wall and as it progresses passes through the middle of the cells and ends near the internal periclinal cell wall. The presence of U-like ER bundle is clear. (AVI 7880 kb)

Rotated 3D projection of one of the cells shown in Video 1 using the Volocity 3D Image Analysis Software. At the beginning, the video focus on the U-like ER bundle portion lining the internal periclinal cell wall and then, as it rotates, shows the cortical cytoplasm lining the anticlinal and external periclinal cell wall. The organization of the U-like ER bundle along each of cell walls can be followed. (AVI 625 kb)

Successive images of a preprophase/prophase protodermal cell after ER immunodetection with 2E7 antibody. At the beginning, the video focus on the cytoplasm adjacent to the external periclinal cell wall, then it passes through the middle of the cell and ends at the cytoplasm lining the internal periclinal cell wall. The cell displays a well-formed ER-PPB. (AVI 327 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Giannoutsou, E., Sotiriou, P., Apostolakos, P. et al. Polarized endoplasmic reticulum aggregations in the establishing division plane of protodermal cells of the fern Asplenium nidus . Protoplasma 252, 181–198 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-014-0667-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-014-0667-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation