Abstract
The open reading frame (ORF) amv133 of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus, encodes a putative lipase gene. Its temporal expression pattern was characterized by RT-PCR and found to start at 6 h postinfection (h p.i.) and reach a maximum level at 48 h p.i. While the ORF has a late promoter motif, the inhibition of viral DNA synthesis by Ara-C failed to inhibit transcription, but a general inhibitor of protein synthesis prevented its transcription, indicating that amv133 is an intermediate gene. 5′-RACE analysis showed that transcription was initiated at position −77 relative to the translational start site. To determine the size of the promoter, several truncations were generated and cloned upstream of the firefly luciferase reporter gene. The resulting constructs were tested in a dual assay. A fragment that contained 115 bp relative to the transcription start site exhibited optimum promoter length.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alaoui-Ismaili MH, Richardson CD (1996) Identification and characterization of a filament-associated protein encoded by Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. J Virol 70:2697–2705
Alaoui-Ismaili MH, Richardson CD (1998) Insect virus proteins (FALPE and p10) self-associate to form filaments in infected cells. J Virol 72:2213–2223
Amara RR, Villinger F, Altman JD, Lydy SL, O’Neil SP, Staprans SI, Montefiori DC, Xu Y, Herndon JG, Wyatt LS, Candido MA, Kozyr NL, Earl PL, Smith JM, Ma HL, Grimm BD, Hulsey ML, Miller J, McClure HM, McNicholl JM, Moss B, Robinson HL (2001) Control of a mucosal challenge and prevention of AIDS by a multiprotein DNA/MVA vaccine. Science 292:69–74
Baek SH, Kwak JY, Lee SH, Lee T, Ryu SH, Uhlinger DJ, Lambeth JD (1997) Lipase activities of p37, the major envelope protein of vaccinia virus. J Biol Chem 272:32042–32049
Bawden AL, Glassberg KJ, Diggans J, Shaw R, Farmerie W, Moyer RW (2000) Complete genomic sequence of the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus: analysis and comparison with other poxviruses. Virology 274:120–139
Becker MN, Greenleaf WB, Ostrov DA, Moyer RW (2004) Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus expresses an active superoxide dismutase. J Virol 78:10265–10275
Becker MN, Todd TM, Moyer RW (2008) An Amsacta moorei Entomopoxvirus ortholog of the poly(A) polymerase small subunit exhibits methyltransferase activity and is non-essential for virus growth. Virology 375:624–636
Broyles SS (2003) Vaccinia virus transcription. J Gen Virol 84:2293–2303
Goodwin RH, Tompkins GJ, McCawley P (1978) Gypsy moth cell lines divergent in viral susceptibility. I. Culture and identification. In vitro 14:485–494
Goodwin RH, Adams JR, Shapiro M (1990) Replication of the entomopoxvirus from Amsacta moorei in serum-free cultures of a gypsy moth cell line. J Inverteb Pathol 56:190–205
Granados RR, Naughton M (1975) Development of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus in ovarian and hemocyte cultures from Estigmene acrea Larvae. Intervirology 5:62–68
Gruidl ME, Hall RL, Moyer RW (1992) Mapping and molecular characterization of a functional thymidine kinase from Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. Virology 186:507–516
Hall RL, Moyer RW (1991) Identification, cloning, and sequencing of a fragment of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus DNA containing the spheroidin gene and three vaccinia virus-related open reading frames. J Virol 65:6516–6527
Jarvis DL, Weinkauf C, Guarino LA (1996) Immediate-early baculovirus vectors for foreign gene expression in transformed or infected insect cells. Protein Expr Purif 8:191–203
Jenne L, Hauser C, Arrighi JF, Saurat JH, Hugin AW (2000) Poxvirus as a vector to transduce human dendritic cells for immunotherapy: abortive infection but reduced apc function. Gene Ther 7:1575–1583
King LA, Wilkinson N, Miller PD, Marlow SA (1998) Entomopoxviruses. In: Milller LK, Ball LA (eds) The insect viruses. Plenum Pres, New York, pp 1–25
Li Q, Liston P, Moyer RW (2005) Functional analysis of the inhibitor of apoptosis (iap) gene carried by the entomopoxvirus of Amsacta moorei. J Virol 79:2335–2345
Li Q, Liston P, Schokman N, Ho JM, Moyer RW (2005) Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus inhibitor of apoptosis suppresses cell death by binding grim and hid. J Virol 79:3684–3691
Li Y, Hall RL, Moyer RW (1997) Transient, nonlethal expression of genes in vertebrate cells by recombinant entomopoxviruses. J Virol 71:9557–9562
Li Y, Hall RL, Yuan SL, Moyer RW (1998) High-level expression of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus spheroidin depends on sequences within the gene. J Gen Virol 79:613–622
Lytvyn V, Fortin Y, Banville M, Arif B, Richardson C (1992) Comparison of the thymidine kinase genes from three entomopoxviruses. J Gen Virol 73:3235–3240
Marlow SA, Billam LJ, Palmer CP, King LA (1993) Replication and morphogenesis of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus in cultured cells of Estigmene acrea (salt marsh caterpillar). J Gen Virol 74:1457–1461
Mastrangelo MJ, Eisenlohr LC, Gomella L, Lattime EC (2000) Poxvirus vectors: orphaned and underappreciated. J Clin Invest 105:1031–1034
Means JC, Penabaz T, Clem RJ (2007) Identification and functional characterization of AMVp33, a novel homolog of the baculovirus caspase inhibitor p35 found in Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. Virology 358:436–447
Moss B (1996) Genetically engineered poxviruses for recombinant gene expression, vaccination, and safety. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93:11341–11348
Moss B (2007) Poxviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds) Fields virology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 2095–2946
Muratoğlu H, Nalçacıoğlu R, Demirbağ Z (2010) Transcriptional and structural analyses Of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus protein kinase gene (AMV197, pk). Ann Microbiol 60:523–530
Nalcacioglu R, Ince IA, Vlak JM, Demirbag Z, van Oers MM (2007) The Chilo iridescent virus DNA polymerase promoter contains an essential AAAAT motif. J Gen Virol 88:2488–2494
Nalcacioglu R, Dizman YA, Vlak JM, Demirbag Z, van Oers MM (2010) Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus encodes a functional DNA photolyase (AMV025). J Invertebr Pathol 105:363–365
Palmer CP, Miller DP, Marlow SA, Wilson LE, Lawrie AM, King LA (1995) Genetic modification of an entomopoxvirus: deletion of the spheroidin gene does not affect virus replication in vitro. J Gen Virol 76(Pt 1):15–23
Perera S, Krell P, Demirbag Z, Nalcacioglu R, Arif B (2013) Induction of apoptosis by the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. J Gen Virol 94:1876–1887
Perera SC, Li Z, Pavlik L, Arif BM (2010) Entomopoxviruses. In: Asgari S, Johnson KN (eds) Insect virology. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, pp 83–102
Perera SC, Wong P, Krell PJ, Arif BM (2010) Expression of heterologous genes in the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. J Virol Methods 165:1–8
Petersen BO, Hall RL, Moyer RW, Shuman S (1997) Characterization of a DNA topoisomerase encoded by Amsacta moore entomopoxvirus. Virology 230:197–206
Skinner MA, Buller RM, Damon IK, Lefkowitz EJ, McFadden G, McInnes CJ, Mercer AA, Moyer RW, Upton C (2011) Poxviridae. In: King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, Lefkowitz EJ (eds) Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses: ninth report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 291–309
Sriskanda V, Moyer RW, Shuman S (2001) NAD+-dependent DNA ligase encoded by a eukaryotic virus. J Biol Chem 276:36100–36109
Thézé J, Takatsuka J, Li Z, Gallais J, Doucet D, Arif B, Nakai M, Herniou EA (2013) New insights into the evolution of entomopoxvirinae from the complete genome sequences of four entomopoxviruses infecting Adoxophyes honmai, Choristoneura biennis, Choristoneura rosaceana, and Mythimna separata. J Virol 87:7992–8003
Wall EM, Cao J, Chen N, Buller RM, Upton C (1997) A novel poxvirus gene and its human homolog are similar to an E. coli lysophospholipase. Virus Res 52:157–167
Winter J, Hall RL, Moyer RW (1995) The effect of inhibitors on the growth of the entomopoxvirus from Amsacta moorei in Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) cells. Virology 211:462–473
Yang Z, Bruno DP, Martens CA, Porcella SF, Moss B (2010) Simultaneous high-resolution analysis of vaccinia virus and host cell transcriptomes by deep rna sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:11513–11518
Yang Z, Reynolds SE, Martens CA, Bruno DP, Porcella SF, Moss B (2011) Expression profiling of the intermediate and late stages of poxvirus replication. J Virol 85:9899–9908
Yang Z, Martens CA, Bruno DP, Porcella SF, Moss B (2012) Pervasive initiation and 3’-end formation of poxvirus postreplicative RNAs. J Biol Chem 287:31050–31060
Yu JF, Sun X (2010) Reannotation of protein-coding genes based on an improved graphical representation of DNA sequence. J Comput Chem 31:2126–2135
Acknowledgments
The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, TÜBITAK, Project No. 109T975, supported this study financially. The authors would like to acknowledge Prof. Basil M Arif for his critical evaluation of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ozsahin, E., Sezen, K. & Demirbag, Z. Transcriptional analysis of ORF amv133 of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. Arch Virol 159, 2541–2547 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2096-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2096-1