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Effects of rainfall on fluvial discharge and suspended sediment transport in the Central Himalayan region, Nepal

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Abstract

Fluvial discharge is a principal driver of suspended sediment (SS) transport in the Central Himalayan region, Nepal. The study examines the relationship between specific discharge at three hydrometric stations along the main Kali Gandaki (KG) River, four hydrometric stations on its tributaries with rainfalls across the entire basin and its sub basins, in relation to SS transport at a hydropower reservoir. Over the period of 2006–2017, the average monthly rainfall in June (388.39 ± 84.24 mm), July (674.91 ± 105.24 mm), August (571.81 ± 110.77 mm), and September (356.50 ± 104.39 mm) yielded an average of 2.469 ± 1.641, 12.952 ± 4.932, 12.629 ± 7.937, and 4.406 ± 2.363 megatons (Mt) of SS loads, respectively, flowing from the KG catchment into the hill-side dam reservoir. Results indicated that approximately 97% of SS was transported during the monsoon season (June–September). This corresponds to an estimated annual weathering rate in the basin of 4390 tons/km2/year, equivalent to 1.66 mm/year. Notably, both the specific direct runoff discharge and the monsoonal daily erosion rate during major rainfall events (> 30 mm/day) exhibited an upward linear trend with the basin’s rainfall.

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Data Availability

The data of this study is available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Saitama University, Japan, for providing a research platform. We would also like to give thanks to Mr. Naba Raj Shrestha, Mr. Nirmal Raj Joshi, Mr. Deepak Shrestha, and Mrs. Sandhya Nepal for their suggestion, and the Nepal Electricity Authority and Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and irrigation, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Nepal, for providing historical sediment, discharge, and climate data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan

    Mahendra B. Baniya, Takeshi Fujino & Senavirathna M. D. H. Jayasanka

  2. Ministry of Physical Infrastructure Development and Transport Management, Pokhara, Gandaki Province, Nepal

    Mahendra B. Baniya

  3. Institute for studies of the Global Environment, 7-1 Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0094, Japan

    Takashi Asaeda

  4. Research and Development Center, Nippon Koei, 2304 Inarihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-1259, Japan

    Takashi Asaeda

  5. Hydro Technology Institute, 4-3-1 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-6031, Japan

    Takashi Asaeda

  6. Strategic Research Area for Sustainable Development in East Asia, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan

    Takeshi Fujino

  7. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA

    Rocky Talchabhadel

  8. United Technical College, Bharatpur-11, Chitwan, Nepal

    Arjun Baniya

  9. Nepal Electricity Authority, Kathmandu, Nepal

    K. C. Shivaram

  10. Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority, Gandaki Province, Pokhara, Nepal

    Naba Raj Sharma

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  1. Mahendra B. Baniya
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Contributions

Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Writing- Original Draft preparation: Mahendra B. Baniya; Writing-Review and Editing, Supervision, Resources: Takashi Asaeda; Writing-Review and Editing, Supervision, Resources: Takeshi Fujino; Writing-Review and Editing: Rocky Talchabhadel; Writing-Review and Editing: Arjun Baniya; Writing-Review and Editing, Investigation: Shivaram K.C; Review and Editing: Naba Raj Sharma; Review and Editing: Senavirathna M.D.H. Jayasanka

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Correspondence to Mahendra B. Baniya.

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ESM 1:

Figure S1. Seasonal discharge of KG River and its tributaries during (a) winter and pre-monsoon (b) Monsoon and Post-monsoon. Central lines indicate the median, and bottom and top edges of the box indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. The whiskers extend to the most extreme data points not considered outliers, the '+' sign represents outliers (1.5-fold interquartile range), and the circle shows the mean value. Figure S2. Time gap of discharge and SS at diversion spillway. Figure S3. (a-d) Daily SSL at seasonal scale and discharge relationship at diversion spillway. Figure S4. (a-d) Daily SSL at monthly scale and discharge relationship for monsoon at diversion spillway (DOCX 556 kb)

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Baniya, M.B., Asaeda, T., Fujino, T. et al. Effects of rainfall on fluvial discharge and suspended sediment transport in the Central Himalayan region, Nepal. Theor Appl Climatol 155, 1553–1572 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04706-8

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