Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Representation of Arabian Peninsula summer climate in a regional atmospheric model using spectral nudging

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Theoretical and Applied Climatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study assesses the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in simulating the Arabian Peninsula summer climate for the period 2001–2016. The European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) reanalysis is downscaled using WRF without (CTRL) and with the Spectral Nudging (SPN) method. Our results suggest that the noticeable cold biases in surface temperatures (mean, minimum, and maximum) over the Arabian Peninsula in CTRL are significantly reduced in SPN. The seasonal patterns of surface pressure, cloud cover, lower and upper tropospheric circulation, and mid-tropospheric anticyclone are also simulated more realistically with SPN. The evaluation of mean vertical profiles of dynamical and thermo-dynamical features over the Arabian Peninsula further confirms the enhanced simulations with SPN with respect to CTRL. Though SPN captures better the observed evolution of rainfall compared to that of CTRL, it produces a positive rainfall bias over the Southwestern Arabian Peninsula. Stronger vertical motions associated with the local topography enhance the higher water vapor loading, condenses in the upper layers, and results in excess amount of rainfall in SPN. Furthermore, with SPN, WRF is further able to better simulate the synoptic features of heat waves. Overall, SPN enhances WRF simulation skill of the horizontal structures and vertical profiles of the Arabian Peninsula summer climate by enforcing a better balance between the small and large scale features and associated feedbacks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Model data are available on request.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Abid MA, Almazroui M, Kucharski F, O’Brien E, Yousef AE (2018) ENSO relationship to summer rainfall variability and its potential predictability over Arabian Peninsula region. npj Clim Atm Sci 1:20171. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-017-0003-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdullah MA, Al-Mazroui M (1998) Climatological study of the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. I. Rainfall analysis. Clim Res 9:213–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali MA, Assiri M (2019) Analysis of AOD from MODIS-Merged DT-DB Products Over the Arabian Peninsula. Earth Syst Environ 3:625–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-019-00108-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alghamdi AS, Harrington J (2018) Time-sensitive analysis of a warming climate on heat waves in Saudi Arabia: temporal patterns and trends. Int J Climatol 38:3123–3139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alghamdi AS, Moore TW (2014) Analysis and Comparison of Trends in Extreme Temperature Indices in Riyadh City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1985–2010. J Climatol 2014:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/560985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almazroui M (2011) Calibration of TRMM rainfall climatology over Saudi Arabia during 1998–2009. Atmos Res 99:400–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almazroui M (2012) Dynamical downscaling of rainfall and temperature over the Arabian Peninsula using RegCM4. Clim Res 52:49–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almazroui M, Islam MN, Jones PD, Athar H, Rahman MA (2012) Recent climate change in the Arabian Peninsula: seasonal rainfall and temperature climatology of Saudi Arabia for 1979–2009. Atmos Res 111:29–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almazroui M, Abid MA, Athar H, Nazrul M, Islam., Ehsan, M.A. (2013) Interannual variability of rainfall over the Arabian Peninsula using the IPCC AR4 Global Climate Models. Int J Climatol 33(10):2328–2340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almazroui M, Islam MN, Dambul R, Jones PD (2014) Trends of temperature extremes in Saudi Arabia. Int J Climatol 34:808–826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almazroui M (2019) Climate Extremes over the Arabian Peninsula Using RegCM4 for Present Conditions Forced by Several CMIP5 Models. Atmosphere 2019 10(11):675. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Athar H (2014) Trends in observed extreme climate indices in Saudi Arabia dur Tyrlis ing 1979–2008. Int J Climatol 34:1561–1574. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attada R, Kumar RK, Yadav RK, Dasari HP, Knio O, Hoteit I (2018) Prominent modes of summer surface air temperature variability and associated circulation anomalies over the Arabian Peninsula. Atmos Sci Lett 19:e860. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attada R, Dasari HP, Parekh A, Chowdary JS, Langodan S, Knio O, Hoteit I (2019a) The role of the Indian Summer Monsoon variability on Arabian Peninsula summer climate. Clim Dyn 52:3389–3404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4333-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attada R, Dasari HP, Parekh A, Chowdary JS, Yadav RK, Knio O, Hoteit I (2019b) Surface air temperature variability over the Arabian Peninsula and its links to circulation patterns. Int J Climatol 39(1):445–464. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attada R, Dasari HP, Kumar RK, Langodan S, Kumar NK, Knio O, Hoteit I (2020) Evaluating Cumulus Parameterization Schemes for the Simulation of Arabian Peninsula Winter Rainfall. J Hydrometeorol 21:1089–1114. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-19-0114.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babu CA, Samah AA, Varikoden H (2011) Rainfall climatology over Middle East Region and its variability. Int J Water Resour Arid Environ 1(3):180–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro CL, Pielke RA Sr, Leoncini G (2005) Dynamical downscaling: Assessment of value retained and added using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). J Geophys Res 110:D05108. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004721

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty A, Behera SK, Mujumdar M, Ohba R, Yamagata T (2006) Diagnosis of tropospheric moisture over Saudi Arabia and influences of IOD and ENSO. Mon Weather Rev 134:598–617. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3085.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen F, Dudhia T (2001) Coupling an advanced land surface- hydrology model with the Penn State–NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: model implementation and sensitivity. Mon Weather Rev 129:569–585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dasari HP, Langodan S, Viswanadhapalli Y, Vadlamudi BR, Papadopoulos VP, Hoteit I (2017a) ENSO influence on the interannual variability of the Red Sea convergence zone and associated rainfall. Int J Climatol 38:761–775

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dasari, H.P., Attada, R., Knio, O., Hoteit, I. (2017b) Analysis of a Severe Weather Event over Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Observations and High-Resolution Model. Meteorological Applications, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1662,

  • Desamsetti S, Dasari HP, Langodan S, Titi ES, Knio O, Hoteit I (2019) Efficient dynamical downscaling of general circulation models using continuous data assimilation. Q J R Meteorol Soc 145:3174–3194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz JP, González A, Expósito FJ, Pérez JC, Fernández J, García-Díez M, Taima D (2015) WRF multi-physics simulation of clouds in the African region. Q J R Meteorol Soc 141:2737–2749. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2560

  • Diffenbaugh NS, Pal J, Trapp R, Giorgi F (2005) Fine-scale processes regulate the response of extreme events to global climate change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:15774–15778

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Done JM, Holland GJ, Bruyère CL, Leung LR, Suzuki-Parker A (2015) Modeling high-impact weather and climate: Lessons from a tropical cyclone perspective. Clim Chang 129:381–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehsan MA, Almazroui M, Yousef A, Enda OB, Tippett MK, Kucharski F, Alkhalaf AK (2017) Sensitivity of AGCM simulated regional summer precipitation to different convective parameterizations. Int J Climatol 37:4594–4609. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Kenawy AM, McCabe MF (2016) A multi-decadal assessment of the performance of gauge- and model-based rainfall products over Saudi Arabia: climatology, anomalies and trends. Int J Climatol 36:656–674. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feser F (2006) Enhanced detectability of added value in limited- area model results separated into different spatial scales. Mon Weather Rev 134:2180–2190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feser F, von Storch H (2005) A spatial two-dimensional discrete filter for limited-area-model evaluation purposes. Mon Weather Rev 133:1774–1786

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furl C, Sharif HO, Alzahrani M, El Hassan A, Mazari N (2014) Precipitation amount and intensity trends across southwest Saudi Arabia. Water Resour Assoc 50(1):74–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gandham H, Dasari HP, Langodan S, Karumuri RK, Hoteit I (2020) Major changes in extreme dust events dynamics over the Arabian Peninsula during 2003–2017 driven by atmospheric conditions. J Geophys Res Atmos 125. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032931

  • Gao XJ, Zhang DF, Chen ZX, Pal JS, Giorgi F (2007) Simulation of land use effects on climate in China by RegCM3. Sci China D Earth Sci 50:620–628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao W, Sui CH, Fan J, Hu Z, Zhong L (2016) A study of cloud microphysics and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau by radar observations and cloud-resolving model simulations. J Geophys Res Atmos 121(22):13735–13752. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelaro R et al (2017) The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). J Clim 30:5419–5454. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giorgi F (2006) Regional climate modeling: Status and perspectives. J Phys IV 139:101–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgi F (2019) Thirty years of regional climate modeling: where are we and where are we going next? J Geophys Res Atmos 124:5696–5723

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgi F, Mearns LO (1999) Introduction to special section: regional climate modeling revisited. J Geophys Res 104(D6):6335–6352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris I, Jones PD, Osborn TJ, Lister DH (2014) Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations—the CRU TS 3.1 dataset. Int J Climatol 34:623–642

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasanean H, Almazroui M (2015) Rainfall: features and variations over Saudi Arabia, a review. Climate 3(3):578–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong SY, Lim JOJ (2006) The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6). J Korean Meteor Soc 42:129–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Bolvin DT, Gu GJ, Nelkin EJ, Bowman KP, Hong Y, Stocker EF, Wolff DB (2007) The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. J Hydrometeorol 8:38–55. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM560.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Bolvin DT, Nelkin EJ (2010) The TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis (TMPA). Satellite Rainfall Applications for Surface Hydrology, F. Hossain and M. Gebremichael, Eds., Springer-Verlag, 3–22.

  • Im ES, Kwon WT, Ahn JB, Giorgi F (2007) Multi-decadal scenario simulation over Korea using a one-way double nested regional climate model system. 1. Recent climate simulation (1971−2000). Clim Dyn 28:759–780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iacono MJ, Delamere JS, Mlawer EJ, Shephard MW, Clough SA, Collins WD (2008) Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models. J Geophys Res 113:D13103. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944

  • Jennings RP, Singarayer J, Stone EJ, Krebs-Kanzow U, Khon V, Nisancioglu KH, Pfeiffer M, Zhang X, Parker A, Parton A, Groucutt HS, White TS, Drake NA, Petraglia MD (2015) The greening of Arabia: multiple opportunities for human occupation of the Arabian Peninsula during the Late Pleistocene inferred from an ensemble of climate model simulations. Quat Int 382:181–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang H, Farrar JT, Beardsley RC, Chen R, Chen C (2009) Zonal surface wind jets across the Red Sea due to mountain gap forcing along both sides of the Red Sea. Geophys Res Lett 36:L19605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Weiss H (2012) Drought is a recurring challenge in the Middle East. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:3862–3867

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kain JS (2004) The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization: an update. J Appl Meteorol 43:170–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kothe S, Panitz HJ, Ahrens B (2014) Analysis of the radiation budget in COSMO-CLM regional simulations for Africa. Meteorol Z 23:123–141. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2014/0527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar RK, Attada R, Dasari HP, Vellore RK, Langodan S, Abualnaja YO, Hoteit I (2018) Aerosol optical depth variability over the Arabian Peninsula as inferred from satellite measurements. Atmos Environ 187:346–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar KR, Attada R, Dasari HP, Vellore RK, Abualnaja YO, Ashok K, Hoteit I (2019) On the Recent Amplification of Dust Over the Arabian Peninsula During 2002–2012. J Geophys Res Atmos 124(23):13220–13229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leung LR, Mearns LO, Giorgi F, Wilby RL (2003) Regional climate research: Needs and opportunities. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 84:89–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang XZ, Xu M, Yuan X, Ling T, Choi HI, Zhang F, Chen L, Liu S, Su S, Qiao F, He Y, Wang JXL, Kunkel KE, Gao W, Joseph E, Morris V, Yu TW, Dudhia J, Michalakes J (2012) Regional climate–weather research and forecasting model. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 93:1363–1387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu P, Tsimpidi AP, Hu Y, Stone B, Russell AG, Nenes A (2012) Differences between downscaling with spectral and grid nudging using WRF. Atmos Chem Phys 12:3601–3610. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3601-2012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lord SJ, Willoughby HE, Piotrowicz JM (1984) Role of a parameterized ice-phase microphysics in an axisymmetric, nonhydrostatic tropical cyclone model. J Atmos Sci 41:2836–2848

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas-Picher P, Christensen JH, Saeed F, Kumar P, Asharaf S, Ahrens B, Wiltshire A, Jacob D, Hagemann S (2011) Can regional climate models represent the Indian monsoon? J Hydrometeorol 12:849–868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Y, Yang Y, Mai X, Qiu C, Long X, Wang C (2016) Comparison of analysis and spectral nudging techniques for dynamical downscaling with the WRF model over China. Adv Meteorol 2016:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4761513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miguez-Macho G, Stenchikov GL, Robock A (2005) Regional climate simulations over North America: interaction of local processes with improved large-scale flow. J Clim 18:1227–1246. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minnis P, Sun-Mack S, Young DF, Heck PW, Garber DP, Chen Y, Spangenberg DA, Arduini RF, Trepte QZ, Smith WL, Ayers JK, Gibson SC, Miller WF, Hong G, Chakrapani V, Takano Y, Liou KN, Xie Y, Yang P (2011) CERES Edition-2 cloud property retrievals using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS data—Part I: Algorithms. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 49:4374–4400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakanishi M, Niino H (2004) An Improved Mellor–Yamada Level-3 Model with Condensation Physics: Its Design and Verification. Boundary-Layer Meteor 112:1–31. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BOUN.0000020164.04146.98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odhiambo GO (2017) Water scarcity in the Arabian Peninsula and socio-economic implications. Appl Water Sci 7(5):2479–2492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pal JS, Eltahir EAB (2003) A feedback mechanism between soil moisture distribution and storm tracks. Q J R Meteorol Soc 129:2279–2297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patlakas P, Stathopoulos C, Flocas H, Kalogeri C, Kallos G (2019) Regional climatic features of the Arabian Peninsula. Atmosphere 10:220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifroth U, Hollmann R, Ahrens B (2012) Cloud Cover Diurnal Cycles in Satellite Data and Regional Climate Model Simulations. Meteorol Z 21(6):551–560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powers JG et al (2017) The Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Overview, system efforts, and future direction. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 98:1717–1737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodwell MJ, Hoskins BJ (1996) Monsoons and the dynamics of deserts. Q J R Meteorol Soc 122:1385–1404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajeevan M, Rohini P, Niranjan Kumar K, Srinivasan J, Unnikrishnan CK (2013) A study of vertical cloud structure of the Indian summer monsoon using CloudSat data. Clim Dyn 40:637–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1374-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raju A, Parekh A, Chowdary JS, Gnanaseelan C (2015a) Assessment of the Indian summer monsoon in the WRF regional climate model. Clim Dyn 44:3077–3100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2295-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raju A, Parekh A, Kumar P, Gnanaseelan C (2015b) Evaluation of the impact of AIRS profiles on prediction of Indian summer monsoon using WRF variational data assimilation system. J Geophys Res Atmos 120:8112–8131. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD023024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raju A, Parekh A, Chowdary JS, Gnanaseelan C (2018) Reanalysis of the Indian summer monsoon: Four-dimensional data assimilation of AIRS retrievals in a regional data assimilation and modeling framework. Clim Dyn 50:2905–2923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3781-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall DA, Khairoutdinov M, Arakawa A, Grabowski W (2003) Breaking the cloud parameterization deadlock. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 84:1547–1564. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-84-11-1547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen KL, Zuluaga MD, Houze RA Jr (2014) Severe convection and lightning in subtropical South America. Geophys Res Lett 41:7359–7366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramamurthy MK, Carr FH (1988) Four-dimensional data assimilation in monsoon region. Part II: Role of temperature and moisture. Mon Weather Rev 116(10):1896–1913

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rauscher SA, Coppola E, Piani C, Giorgi F (2010) Resolution effects on regional climate model simulations of seasonal precipitation over Europe. Clim Dyn 35:685–711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rockel B, Castro RCL, Pielke A Sr, von Storch H, Leoncini G (2008) Dynamical downscaling: Assessment of model system dependent retained and added variability for two different regional climate models. J Geophys Res 113:D21107. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seth A, Rauscher SA, Carmago SJ, Qian JH, Pal JS (2007) RegCM3 regional climatologies using reanalysis and ECHAM global model driving fields. Clim Dyn 28:461–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shalaby A, Rappenglueck B, Eltahir E (2015) The climatology of dust aerosol over the Arabian Peninsula. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 15:1523–1571

    Google Scholar 

  • Skamarock WC, et al. (2008) A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-475, STR, 113 pp., doi:https://doi.org/10.5065/D68S4MVH.

  • Spero TL, Otte MJ, Bowden JH, Nolte CG (2014) Improving the representation of clouds, radiation, and precipitation using spectral nudging in the Weather Research and Forecasting model. J Geophys Res Atmos 119:11682–11694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spero TL, Nolte CG, Mallard MS, Bowden JH (2018) A maieutic exploration of nudging strategies for regional climate applications using the WRF model. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 57(8):1883–1906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens B, Bony S (2013) What are climate models missing? Science 340:1053–1054. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1237554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sultana R, Nasrollahi N (2018) Evaluation of remote sensing precipitation estimates over Saudi Arabia. J Arid Environ 151:90–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.11.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanarhte M, Hadjinicolaou P, Lelieveld J (2012) Intercomparison of temperature and precipitation data sets based on observations in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. J Geophys Res 117:D12102. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tao WK, Chen JP, Li Z, Wang C, Zhang C (2012) Impact of aerosols on convective clouds and precipitation. Rev Geophys 50:RG2001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson G, Tewari M, Ikeda K, Tessendorf S, Weeks C, Otkin JA, Kong F (2016) Explicitly-coupled cloud physics and radiation parameterizations and subsequent evaluation in WRF high-resolution convective forecasts. Atmos Res 168:92–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.09.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyrlis E, Lelieveld J, Steil B (2013) The summer circulation over the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East: influence of the South Asian monsoon. Clim Dyn 40(5):1103–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1528-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent CL, Hahmann AN (2015) The impact of grid and spectral nudging on the variance of the near-surface wind speed. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 54:1021–1038. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0047.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viswanadhapalli Y, Dasari HP, Langodan S, Challa VS, Hoteit I (2017) Climatic features of the Red Sea from a regional assimilative model. Int J Climatol 37:2563–2581. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4865

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waldron KM, Paegle J, Horel JD (1996) Sensitivity of a spectrally filtered and nudged limited-area model to outer model options. Mon Weather Rev 124:529–547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Leung LR, McGregor JL, Lee DK, Wang WC, Ding Y, Kimura F (2004) Regional climate modeling: progress, challenges and prospects. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 82(6):1599–1628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilks D (2011) Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, p 704

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu R, Wang B (2001) Multi-stage onset of the summer monsoon over the Western North Pacific. Clim Dyn 17:277–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zittis G, Hadjinicolaou P (2017) The effect of radiation parameterization schemes on surface temperature in regional climate simulations over the MENA-CORDEX domain. Int J Climatol 37:3847–3862. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4959

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research work was supported by the Office of Sponsored Research (OSR) at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) under the Competitive Research Grant (CRG) program Grant#UFR/1/3706-01-01 and by the Saudi Aramco Center for Marine Environmental Research at KAUST. All simulations were conducted on the KAUST Super Computational facility (SHAHEEN) supported by the KAUST Supercomputing Laboratory (KSL).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India

    Raju Attada

  2. Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia

    Raju Attada, Hari Prasad Dasari, Sanikommu Sivareddy, Omar Knio & Ibrahim Hoteit

  3. Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Ravi Kumar Kunchala

  4. National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, India

    Viswanadhapalli Yesubabu

Authors
  1. Raju Attada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ravi Kumar Kunchala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hari Prasad Dasari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sanikommu Sivareddy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Viswanadhapalli Yesubabu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Omar Knio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ibrahim Hoteit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Raju, Ravi, and Ibrahim designed the project, wrote most of the article, and proceeded part of the computation and drawing most of the figures; Hari Prasad, Sivareddy, and Yesubabu processed and analyzed the source data and prepared appropriate figures; Knio contributed in writing and editing the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ibrahim Hoteit.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The authors confirm that this article is an original research and has not been published previously in any journal.

Consent for publication

The authors have agreed to submit this manuscript in its current form for publication in the journal.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Attada, R., Kunchala, R.K., Dasari, H.P. et al. Representation of Arabian Peninsula summer climate in a regional atmospheric model using spectral nudging. Theor Appl Climatol 145, 13–30 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03617-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03617-w

Search

Navigation