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Effects of persistent wind speeds on turbulent fluxes in the water-atmosphere interface

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Abstract

Understanding air-water interactions is critical to establishing the role of inland water bodies in regulating local and regional weather so that more accurate parameterizations of flux exchange in numerical weather models can be achieved. Wind-induced mixing actively alters environmental variables, leading to changes in turbulent exchanges of latent heat (LE) and sensible heat (H) fluxes above water surfaces. It remains extensively unexplored as to how winds in different wind speed ranges modulate coupling of different variables, which in turn regulates LE and H. Here, we analyze 28-month eddy covariance data collected over a large reservoir. We categorize the dataset into four wind classes with different wind speed ranges: I (< 2.32 m s−1), II (2.32–3.69 m s−1), III (3.69–5.13 m s−1), and IV (> 5.13 m s−1). The enhanced mechanical mixing promotes LE and H with the increased wind classes due to the increased sensitivity to Δe and ΔT despite the reduced role of atmospheric stability. Hence, the highest LE and H occur in IV, under moderately unstable and stable conditions. Overall, the bulk transfer coefficients behave similarly under a certain stability condition across all wind classes while the similarity theory systematically underestimates their magnitudes. These results have important applications in improving parameterization schemes to estimate fluxes over water surfaces in numerical models.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. We are grateful for Dan Gaillet, Billy Lester, Jason Temple, and many other people in Pearl River Valley Water Supply District in Ridgeland, Mississippi, as well as Yu Zhang, Haimei Jiang, Li Sheng, Rongping Li, Yu Wang, and Guo Zhang who contributed to the fieldwork. We thank Qianyu Zhang for her initial analyses of the data used in this work. According to the AGU Publications Data Policy, the data used in this paper are deposited in a public domain repository (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5576371.v2).

Funding

The National Science Foundation AGS provided support under grant 1112938. Y.Y. received support from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) that awarded the Research University (RU) grant 1001/PTEKIND/811316 and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bridging Grant 2018 304/PTEKIND/6316289 to prepare this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Yusri Yusup

  2. Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA

    Heping Liu

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  1. Yusri Yusup
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Correspondence to Heping Liu.

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Yusup, Y., Liu, H. Effects of persistent wind speeds on turbulent fluxes in the water-atmosphere interface. Theor Appl Climatol 140, 313–325 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-03084-4

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