Abstract
A proper understanding of what the earth’s surface receives when sun rays leave the sun’s disk is important as this informs the decisions made by meteorologist and the likes in utilizing solar energy. In this pursuit, this study was performed by taking stations from each geological region in Nigeria. Data were obtained for the Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI), Global Tilted Irradiation (GTI), Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI), and Diffused Ratio (Kd) for 12 years (2005–2016). The Diffused Horizontal Irradiation (DHI) was calculated and the results were presented. It was concluded that the latitude, local weather conditions, elevation, etc. were major factors that contributed to the amount of solar energy that can be received in a particular location. Results showed that for the locations in the northern region of Nigeria where the local weather conditions are less humid (characterized by clear skies), lower diffused irradiation (DHI) and higher direct irradiation (DNI) were observed; the reverse is the case for the locations around the south of Nigeria. This shows that global solar irradiation or GHI would be received more in the northern locations than in the south, leading to the importance of understanding the GTI which involves tilting the Solar PVs or receptors to angles that would receive more DNI than DHI. These angles were displayed and we concluded that solar trackers may not be necessary when users understand the presented results. Results can be adopted for other locations with the same latitudes around the globe.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Reproduced from Pavlovic T. (Pavlovic 2020). Copyright 2020. Springer Nature, Switzerland AG. Part of Springer Nature
Reproduced from Nigeria—Maps https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/nigeria/maps.htm. Copyright 2000–2021, GlobalSecurity.org
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the international PVGIS (photovoltaic geographical information system) SARAH satellite at https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en?tools.html#PVP and can also be made available by the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Adedoyin FF, Alola AA, Bekun FV (2021) The alternative energy utilization and common regional trade outlook in EU-27: evidence from common correlated effects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 145:111092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111092
Agbo EP, Ekpo CM, Edet CO (2021b) Analysis of the effects of meteorological parameters on radio refractivity, equivalent potential temperature and field strength via Mann-Kendall test. Theoret Appl Climatol 143:1437–1456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03464-1
Agbo EP, Ettah EB, Eno EE (2021c) The impacts of meteorological parameters on the seasonal, monthly, and annual variation of radio refractivity. Indian J Phys 95:195–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-020-01711-9
Agbo EP, Nkajoe U, Edet CO (2022a) Comparison of Mann-Kendall and Şen’s innovative trend method for climatic parameters over Nigeria’s climatic zones. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06521-9
Agbo EP, Nkajoe U, Okono MA et al (2022b) Temperature and solar radiation interactions in all six zones of Nigeria. Indian J Phys. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-022-02429-6
Agbo EP, Edet CO (2022c) Meteorological analysis of the relationship between climatic parameters: understanding the dynamics of the troposphere. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 150(3–4):1677–1698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04226-x
Agbo EP, Ekpo CM (2021) Trend analysis of the variations of ambient temperature using Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s estimate in Calabar, southern Nigeria. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing, p 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1734/1/012016
Agbo EP, Edet CO, Magu TO, et al (2021a) Solar energy: A panacea for the electricity generation crisis in Nigeria. Heliyon 7:e07016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07016
Agbo EP (2021) The role of statistical methods and tools for weather forecasting and modeling. In: Weather Forecasting. IntechOpen, pp 3–22
Ağbulut Ü, Gürel AE, Biçen Y (2021) Prediction of daily global solar radiation using different machine learning algorithms: Evaluation and comparison. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 135:110114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110114
Aggarwal RK (2012) Precise estimation of total solar radiation on tilted surface. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 6:365–370. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajest.v6i9
Al‐Ghussain L, Al‐Oran O, Lezsovits F (2021) Statistical estimation of hourly diffuse radiation intensity of Budapest City. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 40(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13464
Alhaji UU, Yusuf AS, Edet CO et al (2018) Trend Analysis of Temperature in Gombe State Using Mann Kendall Trend Test. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports 20:1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/JSRR/2018/42029
Almorox J, Voyant C, Bailek N, et al (2021) Total solar irradiance’s effect on the performance of empirical models for estimating global solar radiation: An empirical-based review. Energy 236:121486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121486
Bounoua Z, Chahidi LO, Mechaqrane A (2021) Estimation of daily global solar radiation using empirical and machine-learning methods: A case study of five Moroccan locations. Sustainable Materials and Technologies 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00261
Chabane F, Moummi N, Brima A (2021) A New Approach to Estimate the Distribution of Solar Radiation Using Linke Turbidity Factor and Tilt Angle. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering 45:523–534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40997-020-00382-5
Chinchilla M, Santos-Martín D, Carpintero-Rentería M, Lemon S (2021) Worldwide annual optimum tilt angle model for solar collectors and photovoltaic systems in the absence of site meteorological data. Applied Energy 281:116056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116056
Dagang AN, Azmi FS, Umar R (2021) Study of Solar Radiation Effect on Radio Signal Using Plasma Antenna. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1768:012010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1768/1/012010
Diez FJ, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Navas-Gracia LM, et al (2021) Estimation of the hourly global solar irradiation on the tilted and oriented plane of photovoltaic solar panels applied to greenhouse production. Agronomy 11(3), 495: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030495
Ho SM, Lomi A, Okoroigwe EC, Urrego LR (2019) Investigation of solar energy: The case study in Malaysia, Indonesia, Colombia and Nigeria. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 9(1): http://eprints.intimal.edu.my/id/eprint/1272
Islam MA, Alam MS, Sharker KK, Nandi SK (2016) Estimation of solar radiation on horizontal and tilted surface over Bangladesh. Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering 5:54–69. https://doi.org/10.4236/cweee.2016.52006
Kabir E, Kumar P, Kumar S et al (2018) Solar energy: Potential and future prospects. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82:894–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.094
Kannan N, Vakeesan D (2016) Solar energy for future world:-A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 62:1092–1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.022
Kim H, Moon HD, Cho Y et al (2021) Direct and Diffuse Radiation Data in Naju During May 2019 to November 2020. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 23:134–140. https://doi.org/10.5532/KJAFM.2021.23.2.134
Li F, Li X, Zheng H, et al (2021) How alternative energy competition shocks natural gas development in China: A novel time series analysis approach. Resources Policy 74:102409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102409
Liu Y, Zhang M, Li Q, et al (2021) Investigation on the distribution patterns and predictive model of solar radiation in urban street canyons with panorama images. Sustainable Cities and Society 75:103275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103275
Lou S, Huang Y, Li DH, et al (2021) Optimizing the beam and sky diffuse radiation calculations under random obstructions of urban environments. Building and Environment 196:107806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107806
Mamun MAA, Islam MM, Hasanuzzaman M, Selvaraj J (2022) Effect of tilt angle on the performance and electrical parameters of a PV module: Comparative indoor and outdoor experimental investigation. Energy and Built Environment 3:278–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbenv.2021.02.001
Ng KM, Adam NM, Inayatullah O, Kadir MZAA (2014) Assessment of solar radiation on diversely oriented surfaces and optimum tilts for solar absorbers in Malaysian tropical latitude. Int J Energy Environ Eng 5:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/2251-6832-5-5
Nguyen TP, Le TH, Dinh XT et al (2021) Role of alternative energy sources in decarbonization: A mini review. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments 44:8–18
Ohunakin OS, Adaramola MS, Oyewola OM et al (2015) The effect of climate change on solar radiation in Nigeria. Sol Energy 116:272–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.03.027
Okono MA, Agbo EP, Ekah BJ, et al (2022) Statistical Analysis and Distribution of Global Solar Radiation and Temperature Over Southern Nigeria. Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences 588–588. https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2022.588
Pavlovic T (2020) Solar Energy. In: Pavlovic T (ed) The Sun and Photovoltaic Technologies. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1–44
Samimi A, Zarinabadi S, Samimi M (2012) Solar Energy Application on Environmental Protection. International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations 1(8):21–24
Serrano-Guerrero X, Cantos E, Feijoo JJ, et al (2021) Optimal tilt and orientation angles in fixed flat surfaces to maximize the capture of solar insolation: A case study in Ecuador. Applied Sciences 11(10): 4546; 4546; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104546
Sutabutr T (2012) Alternative energy development plan: AEDP 2012–2021. Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Technology 7:1–10
Tabunshikov AT, Barkalova GI, Chirishyan AR, et al (2021) Legal problems of using alternative energy sources in Russia and abroad. Linguistics and Culture Review. https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5nS3.1685
Vieira LEA, Norton A, Wit D de, et al (2012) How the inclination of Earth’s orbit affects incoming solar irradiance. Geophysical research letters 39(16): https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052950
Viviani N, Wijaksono S, Mariana Y (2021) Solar radiation on photovoltaics panel arranging angles and orientation. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 794:012230. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/794/1/012230
Westbrook L (1994) Qualitative research methods: A review of major stages, data analysis techniques, and quality controls. Libr Inf Sci Res 16:241–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0740-8188(94)90026-4
Zangoei S, Salehnia N, Mashhadi K, M. (2021) A comparative study on the effect of alternative and fossil energy consumption on economic growth and foreign direct investment in selected countries using SUR approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:19799–19809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11575-5
Zhao N, Zeng X, Han S (2013) Solar radiation estimation using sunshine hour and air pollution index in China. Energy Convers Manage 76:846–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.08.037
Zhou H, Yue X, Lei Y, et al (2021) Large Contributions of Diffuse Radiation to Global Gross Primary Productivity During 1981–2015. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 35:e2021GB006957. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GB006957
Funding
This study was self-sponsored, and the authors received no funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Code availability
The code associated with the analysis of this study can be made available by the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Clemens Simmer, Ph.D.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
See appendix Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Agbo, E.P., Ettah, E.B., Edet, C.O. et al. Characteristics of various radiative fluxes: global, tilted, direct, and diffused radiation—a case study of Nigeria. Meteorol Atmos Phys 135, 14 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-023-00951-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-023-00951-8