Abstract
The paper uses a statistical method of predicting summer monsoon over Bhutan using the ocean-atmospheric circulation variables of sea surface temperature (SST), mean sea-level pressure (MSLP), and selected teleconnection indices. The predictors are selected based on the correlation. They are the SST and MSLP of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea and the MSLP of Bangladesh and northeast India. The Northern Hemisphere teleconnections of East Atlantic Pattern (EA), West Pacific Pattern (WP), Pacific/North American Pattern, and East Atlantic/West Russia Pattern (EA/WR). The rainfall station data are grouped into two regions with principal components analysis and Ward’s hierarchical clustering algorithm. A support vector machine for regression model is proposed to predict the monsoon. The model shows improved skills over traditional linear regression. The model was able to predict the summer monsoon for the test data from 2011 to 2015 with a total monthly root mean squared error of 112 mm for region A and 33 mm for region B. Model could also forecast the 2016 monsoon of the South Asia Monsoon Outlook of World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for Bhutan. The reliance on agriculture and hydropower economy makes the prediction of summer monsoon highly valuable information for farmers and various other sectors. The proposed method can predict summer monsoon for operational forecasting.
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Acknowledgements
The study is sponsored by jfScholarship for the United Nations University, Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS), Tokyo, Japan. The authors thank the Department of Hydro-met Services, Ministry of Economic Affairs for providing the rainfall data. Data from NOAA are thankfully acknowledged. The authors would also like to thank the reviewers for their valuable comments.
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Dorji, S., Herath, S., Mishra, B.K. et al. Predicting summer monsoon of Bhutan based on SST and teleconnection indices. Meteorol Atmos Phys 131, 541–551 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-018-0589-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-018-0589-2