Abstract
We use the global three-dimensional Goddard Earth Observing System chemical transport model with the Universal tropospheric–stratospheric Chemistry eXtension mechanism to examine the contributions of the chemical processes to summertime O3 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) over the Tibetan Plateau and the South Asian monsoon region (TP/SASM). Simulated UTLS O3 concentrations are evaluated by comparisons with Microwave Limb Sounder products and net chemical production of O3 (NPO3) are evaluated by comparisons with model results in previous studies. Simulations show that the chemical processes lead to an increase in O3 concentration, which is opposite to the effect of O3 transport in the UTLS over the TP/SASM region throughout the boreal summer. NPO3 in UTLS over the TP/SASM region is the largest in summer. Elevated values (0.016–0.020 Tg year−1) of the seasonal mean NPO3 are simulated to locate at 100 hPa in the TP/SASM region, where the mixing ratios of O3 are low and those of O3 precursors (NOx, VOCs, and CO) are high. The high concentrations of O3 precursors (NOx, VOCs, and CO) together with the active photochemical reactions of NO2 in the UTLS over the TP/SASM region during summertime could be important reasons for the enhancement of \({\text{NP}}_{{{\text{O}}_{3} }}\) over the studied region.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander B, Park RJ, Jacob DJ, Li Q, Yantosca RM, Savarino J, Lee C, Thiemens M (2005) Sulfate formation in sea-salt aerosols: constraints from oxygen isotopes. J Geophys Res 110:D10307. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005659
Alexander LV, Allen SK, Bindoff NL et al (2007) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis, in contribution of Working Group I (WGI) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Bertsen TK, Isaksen SA (1997) A global three-dimensional chemical transport model for the troposphere: 1. Model description and CO and ozone results. J Geophys Res 102(D17):21239–21280. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01140
Bey I, Jacob DJ, Yantosca RM, Logan JA, Field B, Fiore AM, Li Q, Liu H, Mickley LJ, Schultz M (2001) Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: model description and evaluation. J Geophys Res 106(D19):23073–23095. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000807
Bian J, Yan R, Chen H, Lü D, Massie ST (2011) Formation of the summertime ozone valley over the tibetan plateau: the Asian summer monsoon and air column variations. Adv Atmos Sci 28(6):1318–1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-011-0174-9
Bond TC, Bhardwaj E, Dong R, Jogani R, Jung SK, Roden C, Streets DG, Trautmann NM (2007) Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, 1850–2000. Global Biogeochem Cycles 21(2):GB2018. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gb002840
Eastham SD, Weisenstein DK, Barret SRH (2014) Development and evaluation of the unified tropospheric-stratospheric chemistry extension (UCX) for the global chemistry-transport model GEOS-Chem. Atmos Environ 89:52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.001
Evans MJ, Jacob DJ (2005) Impact of new laboratory studies of N2O5 hydrolysis on global model budgets of tropospheric nitrogen oxides, ozone, and OH. Geophys Res Lett 32:L09813. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022469
Fadnavis S, Semeniuk K, Schultz MG, Kiefer M, Mahajan A, Pozzoli L, Sonbawane S (2015) Transport pathways of peroxyacetyl nitrate in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from different monsoon systems during the summer monsoon season. Atmos Chem Phys 15:11477–11499. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11477-2015
Fairlie TD, Jacob DJ, Park RJ (2007) The impact of transpacific transport of mineral dust in the United States. Atmos Environ 41:1251–1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.048
Fann N, Lamson AD, Anenberg SC, Wesson K, Risley D, Hubbell BJ (2012) Estimating the national public health burden associated with exposure to ambient PM2.5 and ozone. Risk Anal 32:81–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01630.x
Fountoukis C, Nenes A (2007) ISORROPIA II: a computationally efficient thermodynamic equilibrium model for K+–Ca2+–Mg2+–NH4 +–Na+–SO4 2−–NO3 −–Cl–H2O aerosols. Atmos Chem Phys 7:4639–4659. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4639-2007
Fu R, Hu Y, Wright JS, Jiang JH, Dickinson RE, Chen M, Filipiak M, Read WG, Waters JW, Wu DL (2006) Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:5664–5669. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601584103
Gettelman A, Kinnison DE, Dunkerton TJ, Brasseur GP (2004) Impact of monsoon circulations on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. J Geophys Res 109:D22101. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004878
Gettelman A, Hoor P, Pan LL, Randel WJ, Hegglin MI, Birner T (2011) The extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Rev Geophys 49:RG3003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011rg000355
Giglio L, Randerson JT, van der Werf GR (2013) Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4). J Geophys Res 118:317–328. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20042
Gu Y, Liao H, Bian J (2016) Summertime nitrate aerosol in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau and the South Asian summer monsoon region. Atmos Chem Phys 16:6641–6663. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6641-2016
Hack JJ (1994) Parameterization of moist convection in the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model (CCM2). J Geophys Res 99:5551–5568. https://doi.org/10.1029/93jd03478
Jacob DJ (2000) Heterogeneous chemistry and tropospheric ozone. Atmos Environ 34:2131–2159
Jaeglé L, Quinn P, Bates T, Alexander B, Lin JT (2011) Global distribution of sea salt aerosols: new constraints from in situ and remote sensing observations. Atmos Chem Phys 11:3137–3157. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3137-2011
Janssens-Maenhout G, Crippa M, Guizzardi D, Dentener F, Muntean M, Pouliot G, Keating T, Zhang Q, Kurokawa J, Wankmüller R, van der Gon HD, Kuenen JJP, Klimont Z, Frost G, Darras S, Koffi B, Li M (2015) Htap_v2.2: a mosaic of regional and global emission grid maps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution. Atmos Chem Phys 15(8):12867–12909. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015
Kar J, Bremer H, Drummond JR, Rochon YJ, Jones D, Nichitiu F, Zou J, Liu J, Gille JC, Edwards DP (2004) Evidence of vertical transport of carbon monoxide from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT). Geophys Res Lett 31:L23105. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021128
Lau KM, Kim MK, Kim KM (2006) Asian summer monsoon anomalies induced by aerosol direct forcing: the role of the Tibetan Plateau. Clim Dyn 26:855–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0114-z
Lawrence MG, Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review. Atmos Chem Phys 10:11017–11096. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010
Li Q, Jiang JH, Wu DL, Read WG, Livesey NJ, Waters JW, Zhang Y, Wang B, Filipiak MJ, Davis CP (2005) Convective outflow of South Asian pollution: a global CTM simulation compared with EOS MLS observations. Geophys Res Lett 32:L14826. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022762
Li M, Zhang Q, Kurokawa JI, Woo JH, He K, Lu Z, Ohara T, Song Y, Streets DG, Carmichael GR, Cheng Y, Hong C, Huo H, Jiang X, Kang S, Liu F, Su H, Zheng B (2017) MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP. Atmos Chem Phys 17:935–963. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-935-2017
Liang Q, Rodriguez JM, Douglass AR, Crawford JH, Olson JR, Apel E, Bian H, Blake DR, Brune W, Chin M, Colarco PR, da Silva A, Diskin GS, Duncan BN, Huey LG, Knapp DJ, Montzka DD, Nielsen JE, Pawson S, Riemer DD, Weinheimer AJ, Wisthaler A (2011) Reactive nitrogen, ozone and ozone production in the Arctic troposphere and the impact of stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Atmos Chem Phys 11:13181–13199. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13181-2011
Liu H, Jacob DJ, Bey I, Yantosca RM (2001) Constraints from 210Pb and 7Be on wet deposition and transport in a global three-dimensional chemical tracer model driven by assimilated meteorological fields. J Geophys Res 106:12109–12128. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900839
Liu Y, Li W, Zhou X, He J (2003) Mechanism of formation of the ozone valley over the Tibetan Plateau in summer-transport and chemical process of ozone. Adv Atmos Sci 20(1):103–109
Livesey NJ, Read WG, Wagner PA, Froidevaux L, Lambert A, Manney GL, Pumphrey HC, Santee ML, Schwartz MJ, Wang S, Cofield RE, Cuddy DT, Fuller RA, Jarnot RF, Jiang JH, Knosp BW (2011) Earth Observing System (EOS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) Version 3.3 Level 2 data quality and description document. Tech Rep JPL D-33509, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. http://mls.jpl.nasa.gov/data/v3-3_data_quality_document.pdf
Logan JA, Megretskaia IA, Miller AJ, Tiao GC, Choi D, Zhang L, Stolariski RS, Labow GJ, Hollandsworth SM, Bodeker GE, Claude H, De Muer D, Kerr JB, Tarasick DW, Oltmans SJ, Johnson B, Schmidlin F, Staehelin J, Viatte P, Uchino O (1999) Trends in the vertical distribution of ozone: a comparison of two analyses of ozonesonde data. J Geophys Res 104(D21):26373–26399. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900300
Lou S, Liao H, Zhu B (2014) Impacts of aerosols on surface-layer ozone concentrations in China through heterogeneous reactions and changes in photolysis rates. Atmos Environ 85:123–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.12.004
Martin RV, Sauvage B, Folkins I, Sioris CE, Boone C, Bernath P, Ziemke J (2007) Space-based constraints on the production of nitric oxide by lightning. J Geophys Res 112:D09309. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007831
McConnell JC, Jin JJ (2008) Stratospheric ozone chemistry. Atmos Ocean 46(1):69–92. https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.460104
Murray LT, Jacob DJ, Logan JA, Hudman RC, Koshak WJ (2012) Optimized regional and interannual variability of lightning in a global chemical transport model constrained by LIS/OTD satellite data. J Geophys Res 117:D20307. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017934
Oltmans SJ, Lefohn AS, Scheel HE, Harris JM, Levy H II, Gallbally IE, Brunke EG, Meyer CP, Lanthrop JA, Hohnson BJ, Shadwick DS, Cuevas E, Schmidlin FJ, Tarasick DW, Claude H, Kerr JB, Uchino O, Mohnen V (1998) Trends of ozone in the troposphere. Geophys Res Lett 25:139–142
Park M, Randel WJ, Kinnison DE, Garcia RR, Choi W (2004a) Seasonal variation of methane, water vapor, and nitrogen oxides near the tropopause: satellite observations and model simulations. J Geophys Res 109:D03302. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003706
Park RJ, Jacob DJ, Field BD, Yantosca RM, Chin M (2004b) Natural and transboundary pollution influences on sulfate–nitrate–ammonium aerosols in the United States: implications for policy. J Geophys Res 109:D15204. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004473
Park M, Randel WJ, Gettelman A, Massie ST, Jiang JH (2007) Transport above the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone inferred from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder tracers. J Geophys Res 112:D16309. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008294
Park M, Randel WJ, Emmons LK, Bernath PF, Walker KA, Boone CD (2008) Chemical isolation in the Asian monsoon anticyclone observed in Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE-FTS) data. Atmos Chem Phys 8:757–764. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-757-2008
Piccot SD, Watson JJ, Jones JW (1992) A global inventory of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic sources. J Geophys Res 97:9897–9912. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD00682
Pye H, Liao H, Wu S, Mickley LJ, Jacob DJ, Henze DK, Seinfeld J (2009) Effect of changes in climate and emissions on future sulfate–nitrate–ammonium aerosol levels in the United States. J Geophys Res 114:D01205. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010701
Randel WJ, Park M (2006) Deep convective influence on the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone and associated tracer variability observed with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). J Geophys Res 111:D12314. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006490
Randel WJ, Park M, Emmons L, Kinnison D, Bernath P, Walker KA, Boone C, Pumphrey H (2010) Asian monsoon transport of pollution to the stratosphere. Science 328:611–613. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182274
Rao TN, Kirkwood S, Arvelius J, von der Gathen P, Kivi R (2003) Climatology of UTLS ozone and the ratio of ozone and potential vorticity over northern Europe. J Geophys Res 108(D22):4703. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003860
Rotman DA, Tannahill JR, Kinnison DE, Connell PS, Bergmann D, Proctor D, Rodriguez JM, Lin SJ, Rood RB, Prather MJ, Rasch PJ, Considine DB, Ramaroson R, Kawa SR (2001) Global modeling initiative assessment model: model description, integration, and testing of the transport shell. J Geophys Res 106:1669–1691
Sander SP, Friedl RR, Barker JR, Golden DM, Kurylo MJ, Sciences GE, Wine PH, Abbatt JPD, Burkholder JB, Kolb CE, Moortgat GK, Huie RE, Orkin VL (2011) Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies Evaluation Number 17 NASA Panel for Data Evaluation. JPL Publications. http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/faces/viewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=escidoc%3A1827926%3A1
Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2006) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience, New York
Shindell D, Kuylenstierna JCI, Vignati E, van Dingenen R, Amann M, Klimont Z, Anenberg SC, Muller N, Janssens-Maenhout G, Raes F, Schwartz J, Faluvegi G, Pozzoli L, Kupiainen K, Höglund-Isaksson L, Emberson L, Streets D, Ramanathan V, Hicks K, Oanh NTK, Milly G, Williams M, Demkine V, Fowler D (2012) Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security. Science 335(6065):183–189. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210026
Sillman S (1999) The relation between ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments. Millenial Review series. Atmos Environ 33(12):1821–1845
Sillman S (2003) Tropospheric ozone and photochemical smog. In: Lollar BS (ed) Treatise on geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 407–431
Staehelin J, Harris NRP, Appenzeller C, Eberhard J (2001) Ozone trends: a review. Rev Geophys 39(2):231–290. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000059
Streets DG, Bond TC, Carmichael GR, Fernandes SD, Fu Q, He D, Klimont Z, Nelson SM, Tsai NY, Wang MQ, Woo JH, Yarber KF (2003) An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000. J Geophys Res 108(D21):8809. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003093
Thornton JA, Jaegle L, McNeill VF (2008) Assessing known pathways for HO2 loss in aqueous atmospheric aerosols: regional and global impacts on tropospheric oxidants. J Geophys Res 113:D05303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009236
Tian W, Chipperfield M, Huang Q (2008) Effects of the Tibetan Plateau on total column ozone distribution. Tellus 60(4):622–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00338.x
Tobo Y, Iwasaka Y, Zhang D, Shi D, Kim YS, Tamura K, Ohashi T (2008) Summertime “ozone valley” over the Tibetan Plateau derived from ozonesondes and EP/TOMS data. Geophys Res Lett 35:L16801. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034341
Waters JW, Froidevaux L, Harwood RS, Jarnot RF, Pickett HM, Read WG, Siegel PH, Cofield RE, Filipiak MJ, Flower D (2006) The earth observing system microwave limb sounder (EOS MLS) on the Aura satellite. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote 44(5):1075–1092. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.873771
Wesely M (1989) Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models. Atmos Environ 23(6):1293–1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4
Wild O, Zhu X, Prather MJ (2000) Fast-J: accurate simulation of in- and below-cloud photolysis in tropospheric chemical models. J Atmos Chem 37(3):245–282. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006415919030
Wu S, Mickley LJ, Jacob DJ, Logan JA, Yantosca RM, Rind D (2007) Why are there large differences between models in global budgets of tropospheric ozone? J Geophys Res 112:D05302. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007801
Xia X, Zong X, Cong Z, Chen H, Kang S, Wang P (2011) Baseline continental aerosol over the central Tibetan plateau and a case study of aerosol transport from South Asia. Atmos Environ 45(39):7370–7378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.067
Yue X, Unger N (2014) Ozone vegetation damage effects on gross primary productivity in the United States. Atmos Chem Phys 14:9137–9153. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9137-2014
Zhang GJ, McFarlane NA (1995) Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model. Atmos Ocean 33:407–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1995.9649539
Zhang Q, Streets DG, Carmichael GR, He KB, Huo H, Kannari A, Klimont Z, Park IS, Reddy S, Fu JS, Chen D, Duan L, Lei Y, Wang LT, Yao ZL (2009) Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission. Atmos Chem Phys 9:5131–5153. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5131-2009
Zhou X, Li W, Chen L, Liu Y (2006) Study on ozone change over the Tibetan Plateau. Acta Meteorol Sin 20(2):129–143
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai (Grant No. 16DZ1204607), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91644223, 91637101, and 91744311), and the Shanghai Meteorological Service (Grant No. QM2017015). We gratefully acknowledge NASA, United States, for providing the MLS data on their website.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: S. Trini Castelli.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gu, Y., Liao, H., Xu, J. et al. The chemical effects on the summertime ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau and the South Asian monsoon region. Meteorol Atmos Phys 131, 431–441 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-018-0581-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-018-0581-x