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Comparative cytomolecular analyses reveal karyotype variability related to biogeographic and species richness patterns in Bombacoideae (Malvaceae)

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Abstract

Bombacoideae is one out of nine subfamilies of Malvaceae and encompasses 160 tree species. The subfamily is karyotypically characterized by small and numerous chromosomes and is traditionally known by a remarkable inter- and intraspecific chromosome number variation. We conducted a comparative cytogenetic analysis to investigate karyotype diversity and chromosome evolution within Bombacoideae. To achieve this, we performed new chromosome counts, CMA/DAPI double staining, genome size estimations, and localization of 5S and 45S rDNA by fluorescence in situ hybridization for 21 species distributed across the Bombacoideae phylogeny. We performed ancestral states reconstruction analyses to elucidate chromosome evolution and provide insights into the systematics and evolution of Bombacoideae in comparison with other Malvaceae species. Newly generated data on chromosome number on Bombacoideae revealed diploids (Ochroma (2n = 84), Cavanillesia, Pochota, Pseudobombax (2n = 88), and Pachira (2n = 92)) and polyploids (Adansonia digitata (2n = 160) and Eriotheca species (2n = ca. 194 and 2n = 276)). For most species, in situ hybridization revealed karyotype, with two pairs of 45S rDNA sites co-located with CMA+ bands, and 5S rDNA sites in only one chromosome pair. Taken together, our results provide support to the hypothesis of karyotypic stability in Bombacoideae. Only the Pachira s.l. clade displayed some variability in ploidy level, number of CMA+ bands and 45S rDNA sites, and genome size compared to other Bombacoideae clades. The Striated bark clade was characterized by comparatively small genomes and low cytomolecular variability. Karyotypic data were related to biogeographic and species richness patterns of Bombacoideae.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the Brazilian agencies Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (FACEPE-APQ-2008-2.02/12) for financial support and a grant to L. C. by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).

Authors’ contributions

AO collected and analyzed the data for the work and drafted (partially) the work. JCS collected plant material, interpreted the data for the work and wrote the manuscript. LC collected and analyzed the data for the work, and wrote the manuscript. GS was involved in conception and design of the work, analysis and interpretation of data for work, and writing the manuscript.

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  1. Lucas Costa and Álex Oliveira have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50670-420, Brazil

    Lucas Costa, Álex Oliveira & Gustavo Souza

  2. Colegiado de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, BR-407, Km 12, Vila CS-01, Petrolina, PE, 56300-990, Brazil

    Jefferson Carvalho-Sobrinho

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Correspondence to Gustavo Souza.

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Handling editor: Jorg Fuchs.

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Online Resource 1. Karyotypic and molecular information on species of Malvaceae used in the study.

Online Resource 2. Previous chromosome counts for Bombacoideae.

Online Resource 3. Ancestral state reconstruction for chromosome number in Bombacoideae

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Costa, L., Oliveira, Á., Carvalho-Sobrinho, J. et al. Comparative cytomolecular analyses reveal karyotype variability related to biogeographic and species richness patterns in Bombacoideae (Malvaceae). Plant Syst Evol 303, 1131–1144 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1427-6

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