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Hybrid nanostructures of Pd–WO3 grown on graphitic carbon nitride for trace level electrochemical detection of paraoxon-ethyl

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Abstract

Well-defined crystal structures of Pd-doped WO3 nanorods were assembled on graphitic carbon sheets (Pd−WO3/g-C3N4) for ultrasensitive detection of paraoxon-ethyl (PEL) using an electrochemical method. The electrochemical behavior of PEL on the Pd−WO3/g-C3N4 hybrid composite was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric techniques. The Pd−WO3 crystallite was seen to modify the kinetics of g-C3N4, which improved the reduction/redox peak currents of PEL at the Pd–WO3/g-C3N4 composite compared to those of the g-C3N4 and WO3/g-C3N4–modified electrode. Moreover, the π-π interaction and hydrogen bond between the PEL and Pd−WO3/g-C3N4 composite improved the charge-transfer properties. The Pd−WO3/g-C3N4 hybrid composite was therefore able to obtain an enhanced sensitivity (3.70 ± 0.05 μA μM−1 cm−2) and low detection limit (0.03 nM; S/N = 3) with a wide range of linear concentrations (0.01–60 and 80–900.0 ± 5 μM) at applied potential of − 0.63 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The detection of PEL in agricultural water and soil samples was successfully demonstrated with satisfactory RSD of 2.5 to 3.1% and recovery results of 97 to 102%, respectively.

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Funding

This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT; No. 2019R1A5A808029011).

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  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea

    Chellakannu Rajkumar & Haekyoung Kim

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  1. Chellakannu Rajkumar
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Rajkumar, C., Kim, H. Hybrid nanostructures of Pd–WO3 grown on graphitic carbon nitride for trace level electrochemical detection of paraoxon-ethyl. Microchim Acta 188, 233 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-021-04866-2

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