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A visual sensor array based on an indicator displacement assay for the detection of carboxylic acids

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Abstract

Carboxylic acids (CAs) have been reported as potential biomarkers of specific diseases or human body odors. A visual sensor array is described here that is based on indicator displacement assays (IDAs). The arrays were prepared by spotting solutions of the following metal complexes: Murexide-Ni(II), murexide-Cu(II), zincon-Zn(II) and xylenol orange-Cu(II), with the capability of discrimination of 15 carboxylic acids (CAs) and the quantitation of pyruvic acid (PA). Clear differences can be observed through distinctive difference maps obtained within 5 min by subtraction of red, green and blue (RGB) values of digital images after and before exposure to analytes. After an analysis of multidimensional data by pattern recognition algorithms including HCA, PCA and LDA, excellent classification specificity, and accuracy of >96% were obtained for all samples. The IDA array exhibited a linear range from 10 to 1500 μM with a theoretical detection limit of 3.5 μM towards PA. Recoveries of real samples varied from 84.8% to 114.3%. As-fabricated IDA sensor array showed an excellent selectivity among other organic interfering substances and a good batch to batch reproducibility, demonstrating its robustness. All these observations suggested that the IDA sensor array is one of the most promising paths for the discrimination of CAs.

Schematic diagram of indicator displacement assay (a), the procedure for acquisition of difference maps (b), and pattern recognitions for CAs (c). The method uses hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA)

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No.81772290, 81271930), Graduate research and innovation foundation of Chongqing, China (Grant No. CYB18025), and Brew Microorganisms Technology and Application of Key Laboratory Project in Sichuan Province (No. NJ2018-01) and the sharing fund of Chongqing University’s large equipment for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People’s Republic of China

    You Wang, Danqun Huo, Huixiang Wu, Jaiwei Li, Qinghai Zhang, Jing Zhou, Mei Yang & Changjun Hou

  2. National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou Laojiao Group Co. Ltd., Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China

    Bo Deng

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  1. You Wang
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  2. Danqun Huo
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  3. Huixiang Wu
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  4. Jaiwei Li
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  5. Qinghai Zhang
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Correspondence to Danqun Huo or Changjun Hou.

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Wang, Y., Huo, D., Wu, H. et al. A visual sensor array based on an indicator displacement assay for the detection of carboxylic acids. Microchim Acta 186, 496 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3601-8

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