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Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and optical probes for detection and imaging of peroxynitrite: a review

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Abstract

Peroxynitrite (PON for short) is a powerful nitrating, nitrosating and oxidative agent for cellular constituents. In vivo, PON is formed through the diffusion-controlled reaction between superoxide radical (O2 •-) and nitric oxide (•NO). This critical review (with 67 refs.) covers the state of the art in nanomaterial-based (a) detection and imaging of PON inside cells and (b) monitoring of cellular events such as cellular oxidative burst by using optical or electrochemical methods. It starts with the formation, fate and pathophysiology of PON in vivo. The next part summarizes nanomaterial based electrochemical microsensors featuring nanofilms and nanostructured electrodes, nanospheres, 3D nanostructures and graphene-supported catalysts. A following chapter covers techniques based on optical nanoprobes, starting with nanomaterials used in optical detection of PON (including quantum dots, carbon dots, fluorescent organic polymer dots, rare earth nanocrystals including upconversion nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and fluorophore-modified nanoporous silicon). This is followed by subsections on strategies for optical detection of PON (including color changes, fluorescence quenching, activation and recovery), and on schemes for optimized spatial and temporal resolution, for improving sensitivity, selectivity, and (photo)stability. We then address critical issues related to biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, give a number of representative practical applications and discuss challenges related to PON detection. The review concludes with a discussion of latest developments and future perspectives.

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Abbreviations

AG:

Aminoguanidine

AuNCs:

Gold nanoclusters

AuNPs:

Gold nanoparticles

BzSe-Cy:

Benzylselenide-tricarbocyanine

CA:

Citric acid

CV:

Cyclic voltammetry

CDs:

Carbon dots

CF-SPN:

Semiconductor polymer nanoparticles for combined CRET and FRET

CLIO:

Cross-linked iron oxide

CRET:

Chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer

DCF:

2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein

DL:

Detection limit

EPR:

Enhanced permeability and retention

FRET:

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer.

GCE:

Glassy carbon electrode

GSH–TGA–CdTe@ ZnS:

Core-shell quantum dots with CdTe core capped with TGA and shell of ZnS capped with GSH (GSH–TGA–CdTe@ ZnS)

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

IRhB:

Isopropylrhodamine B

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LRET:

Luminescent energy transfer

MacTNP:

Macrophage-targeted theranostic nanoparticles

MPS:

Mononuclear phagocytic system

Mn-pDPB:

Manganese-[poly-2,5-di-(2-thienyl)-1H–pyrrole)-1-(p-benzoic acid)] complex

MTT:

3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)tetrazolium reduction assay

NIR:

Near infrared

NSET:

Nanometal-surface energy transfer

PA:

Photoacoustic

PEDOT:

Polyethylene-dioxythiophene

PEI:

Polyethyleneimine

PFODBT:

Poly[2,7-(9,9′-dioctylfluorene)-alt-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole]

PMA:

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

PN-CDs:

Phosphorus and nitrogen doped carbon dots

PON:

Peroxynitrite

PS-g-PEG-Gal:

Galactosylated graft copolymer of poly(styrene) and poly(ethylene glycol)

PVP:

Polyvinylpyridine

RES:

Reticuloendothelial system

rGo:

(Reduced) graphene oxide

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

RONS:

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RT:

response time

SPNs:

semiconductor polymer nanoparticles

TEMPO:

2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy

TGA:

Thioglycolic acid

TPCP Mn:

Mn (III)- paracyclophenylporphyrin

Trp-CD:

Tryptophan carbon dots

UCL:

Upconversion luminescence

UCNP:

Upconversion nanoparticles

WE:

Working electrode

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Acknowledgements

Financial support by grants of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI), Romanian Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research, project PN-II-PT-PCCA-2011-3.1-1809 (for AV) and PNII-ID- PCCE-2011–2-0075 (for MG) is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101, Bucharest, Romania

    Alina Vasilescu & Mihaela Gheorghiu

  2. Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    Serban Peteu

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Alina Vasilescu and Mihaela Gheorghiu have contributed equally to this paper.

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Vasilescu, A., Gheorghiu, M. & Peteu, S. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and optical probes for detection and imaging of peroxynitrite: a review. Microchim Acta 184, 649–675 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2093-7

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