Abstract
Due to the invisibility and complexity of underground engineering rock masses, it is extremely difficult to observe the diffusion process of dynamic water grouting. Therefore, studying the diffusion mechanism of grouting in underground fractured rock masses with flowing water is crucial in preventing water inrush and improving the rock mass tightness. In this study, a novel dynamic water grouting test system based on low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) was developed to investigate the dynamic grouting diffusion process in fractured sandstone with flowing water. Then, the NMR characteristics of superfine cement-sodium silicate slurry and free water were compared, and the influences of water flow velocity, grout flow velocity and fracture apertures on the grouting diffusion characteristics of fractured sandstone with flowing water were systematically investigated. The test results show that the increase in the grout flow velocity and fracture aperture can effectively improve the dynamic water grouting efficiency, while the increase in the water flow velocity will reduce the dynamic water grouting efficiency. When the grout flow velocity is lower than the water flow velocity, the dynamic water grouting test cannot be successfully performed. Additionally, the slurry filling ratio of the pores peaks when the flow velocities of grout and water are identical. The findings in this paper can provide meaningful reference and guidance for grouting parameter selection in grouting engineering practice.
Highlights
-
A novel dynamic water grouting test system which can monitor the variations of slurry and water in pores and fractures of real rock is developed.
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The grout diffusion process in the rock pores and fractures under flowing water condition shows an obvious three stages evolution.
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The influences of dynamic water grouting parameters such as grout flow velocity, water flow velocity and fracture aperture on grouting efficiency are investigated.
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Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study can be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- LF-NMR:
-
Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance
- NMR:
-
Nuclear magnetic resonance
- RF:
-
Radio frequency
- NS:
-
Number of scans
- TW:
-
Waiting time
- NECH:
-
Number of echoes
- TE:
-
Echo time
- C-S:
-
Cement-sodium silicate
- SC:
-
Superfine cement
- SC-S:
-
Superfine cement-sodium silicate
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance image
- MSE:
-
Multi-slice spin echo
- T 2 :
-
Transverse relaxation time
- T 2S :
-
Transverse surface relaxation time
- ρ :
-
Relaxation rate
- S p :
-
Surface area of pores
- V p :
-
Volume of pores
- V g :
-
Grout flow velocity
- V w :
-
Water flow velocity
- d :
-
Fracture aperture
- I(t):
-
Slurry filling ratio
- V slurry(t):
-
Total volume of slurry at the moment of t
- V tot :
-
Total volume of different pores and fractures space
- v sfr :
-
Increase speed of slurry filling ratio
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Acknowledgements
The research work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42077246, U21A20153, U22A20234, 41941018 and 52278412), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2042022kf1055) and the Outstanding Youth Foundation of Hubei Province, China (No. 2019CFA074). The authors are grateful for these financial supports.
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Liu, Y., Wu, Z., Weng, L. et al. Experimental Study on the Grouting Diffusion Process in Fractured Sandstone with Flowing Water Based on the Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technique. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56, 7509–7533 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03449-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03449-2