Abstract
Static elastic properties, derived from stress–strain data, and dynamic elastic properties, derived from P- and S-wave velocities, are significantly different for rocks. Most rocks are deformed nearly statically (due to tectonic forces and reservoir compaction during production of the reservoir) but static measurements are not as readily available as dynamic measurements. Hence, empirical relationships between the static and dynamic elastic properties are needed to convert the dynamic elastic properties to static values. In this study, the static and dynamic Young’s moduli and Poisson’s ratio were measured simultaneously for dry and fluid-saturated mudstone samples. The samples were axially loaded only within the elastic region to determine the static elasticity. The samples were from four different lithofacies within the Naparima Hill Formation, Trinidad, West Indies. Experiments were carried out at effective pressures up to 130 MPa to determine if the relationship, if any, is influenced by effective pressure. The results show that the dynamic Young’s modulus is greater than the static Young’s moduli. Saturation of the samples causes a decrease in the Young’s modulus and an increase in Poisson’s ratio. Saturation also increases the difference between the static and dynamic Young’s moduli and Poisson’s ratio. A linear relationship with high correlation (R2 greater than 0.9) was established between the static and dynamic Young’s moduli. The gradient of the linear relationship increases, while the intercept decreases, with increasing effective pressure and axial loading. No clear trend was observed between the static and dynamic Poisson’s ratio.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- V p :
-
P-wave velocity
- V s :
-
S-wave velocity
- L :
-
Length of the sample
- T :
-
Travel time of the waves
- E dynamic :
-
Dynamic Young’s modulus
- v dynamic :
-
Dynamic Poisson’s ratio
- ρ :
-
Density of the sample
- \(\varepsilon_{v}\) :
-
Volumetric strain
- \(\varepsilon_{\text{axial}}\) :
-
Axial strain
- \(\varepsilon_{\text{radial}}\) :
-
Radial strain
- σx, σy, σz :
-
Normal stresses in the x, y, z direction
- \(\in_{x} , \in_{y} , \in_{z}\) :
-
Normal strains in the x, y, z direction
- τyz, τzx, τxy :
-
Shear stresses in the yz, xz, xy coordinate planes
- γyz, γzx, γxy :
-
Shear strains in the yz, xz, xy coordinate planes
- C11, C12, C13 ….. C66 :
-
Material parameters
References
Adam L, Batzle M (2008) Elastic properties of carbonates from laboratory measurements at seismic and ultrasonic frequencies. Lead Edge 27(8):1026–1032. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2967556
Adelinet M, Fortin J, Guéguen Y, Schubnel A, Geoffroy L (2010) Frequency and fluid effects on elastic properties of basalt: experimental investigations. Geophys Res Lett 37(2):L02303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041660
Amadei B (1996) Importance of anisotropy when estimating and measuring in situ stresses in rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 33(3):293–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(95)00062-3
ASTM (2014) Standard test method for compressive strength and elastic moduli of intact rock core specimens under varying states of stress and temperatures. ASTM International, West Conshohocken. https://doi.org/10.1520/d7012-14
Balmer GG (1953) Physical properties of some typical foundation rock. In: United States, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Engineering Laboratories Branch, Commissioner’s Office
Batzle M, Hofmann R, Han D-H, Castagna J (2001) Fluids and frequency dependent seismic velocity of rocks. Lead Edge 20(2):168–171. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438900
Batzle M, Han DH, Hofmann R (2006) Fluid mobility and frequency-dependent seismic velocity-direct measurements. Geophysics 71(1):N1–N9
Bieniawski ZT (1967a) Mechanism of brittle fracture of rock: part I—theory of the fracture process. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 4(4):395–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(67)90030-7
Bieniawski ZT (1967b) Mechanism of brittle fracture of rock: part II—experimental studies. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 4(4):407–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(67)90031-9
Bieniawski ZT (1967c) Mechanism of brittle fracture of rock: part III—fracture in tension and under long-term loading. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 4(4):425–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(67)90032-0
Birch F (1960) The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10-kilobars: 1. J Geophys Res 65(4):1083–1102
Blake OO, Faulkner DR (2016) The effect of fracture density and stress state on the static and dynamic bulk moduli of Westerly granite. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 121(4):2382–2399. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012310
Blake OO, Faulkner DR, Tatham DJ (2019) The role of fractures, effective pressure and loading on the difference between the static and dynamic Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus of Westerly granite. Int J Rock Mech Min 116:87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.03.001
Brace WF, Paulding B Jr, Scholz C (1966) Dilatancy in the fracture of crystalline rocks. J Geophys Res 71(16):3939–3953
Chang C, Zoback MD, Khaksar A (2006) Empirical relations between rock strength and physical properties in sedimentary rocks. J Pet Sci Eng 51(3):223–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2006.01.003
Dinçer I, Acar A, Çobanoğlu I, Uras Y (2004) Correlation between Schmidt hardness, uniaxial compressive strength and Young’s modulus for andesites, basalts and tuffs. Bull Eng Geol Environ 63(2):141–148
Eissa E, Kazi A (1988) Relation between static and dynamic Young’s moduli of rocks. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Faulkner DR, Mitchell TM, Healy D, Heap MJ (2006) Slip on ‘weak’ faults by the rotation of regional stress in the fracture damage zone. Nature 444(7121):922–925. https://doi.org/10.1038/Nature05353
Gupta I, Rai C, Tinni A, Sondergeld C (2017) Impact of different cleaning methods on petrophysical measurements. Petrophysics 58(06):613–621
Haimson B, Chang C (2000) A new true triaxial cell for testing mechanical properties of rock, and its use to determine rock strength and deformability of Westerly granite. Int J Rock Mech Min 37(1–2):285–296
Hammond JP, Ratcliff LT, Brinkman CR, Nestor JCW (1979) Dynamic and static measurements of elastic constants with data on 2 I/4 Cr-1 Mo steel, types 304 and 316 stainless steels, and alloy 800H, ORNL-5442. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge
Heap MJ, Faulkner DR (2008) Quantifying the evolution of static elastic properties as crystalline rock approaches failure. Int J Rock Mech Min 45(4):564–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.07.018
Homand F, Morel E, Henry J-P, Cuxac P, Hammade E (1993) Characterization of the moduli of elasticity of an anisotropic rock using dynamic and static methods. In: Paper presented at international journal of rock mechanics and mining sciences and geomechanics abstracts, Elsevier
Iyare UC, Ramsook R, Blake OO, Faulkner DR (2019) Petrographical and petrophysical characterization of the Late Cretaceous Naparima Hill Formation, Central Range, Trinidad, West Indies (Submitted to International Journal of Coal Geology. (copy on file with author)
Jizba D (1991) Mechanical and acoustical properties of sandstones and shales. Stanford University, Stanford, p 260
King MS (1983) Static and dynamic elastic properties of rocks from the Canadian Shield. Int J Rock Mech Min 20(5):237–241
Kuttruff H (1991) Ultrasonics: fundamentals and applications. Elsevier Science Publishers, Essex
Lo T-W, Coyner KB, Toksöz MN (1986) Experimental determination of elastic anisotropy of Berea sandstone, Chicopee shale, and Chelmsford granite. Geophysics 51(1):164–171
Lockner DA (1998) A generalized law for brittle deformation of Westerly granite. J Geophys Res 103(B3):5107–5123
Müller TM, Gurevich B, Lebedev M (2010) Seismic wave attenuation and dispersion resulting from wave-induced flow in porous rocks—a review. Geophysics 75(5):75–175
Myung JI, Helander DP (1972) Correlation of elastic moduli dynamically measured by in situ and laboratory techniques. Log Anal 13(06):96
Paterson M, Wong T (2005) Experimental rock deformation—the brittle field. Springer, New York
Ramana YV, Venkatanarayana B (1973) Laboratory studies on Kolar rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 10(5):465–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(73)90028-4
Savich A (1984) Generalized relations between static and dynamic indices of rock deformability. Power Technol Eng (formerly Hydrotech Constr) 18(8):394–400
Sutherland R (1962) Some dynamic and static properties of rock. In: Paper presented at proceedings of the 5th symposium on rock mechanics, Minneapolis, MN
Tutuncu AN, Podio AL, Sharma MM (1994) Strain amplitude and stress dependence of static moduli in sandstones and limestones. In: Nelson RA, Laubach SE (eds) Rock mechanics. Balkema, Rotterdam
Tutuncu AN, Podio AL, Gregory AR, Sharma MM (1998a) Nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of sedimentary rocks, part I: effect of frequency and strain amplitude. Geophysics 63(1):184–194
Tutuncu AN, Podio AL, Sharma MM (1998b) Nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of sedimentary rocks, part II: hysteresis effects and influence of type of fluid on elastic moduli. Geophysics 63(1):195–203
Vanheerden WL (1987) General relations between static and dynamic moduli of rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 24(6):381–385
Wang Z (2000) Dynamic versus static elastic properties of reservoir rocks. Soc Explor Geophys Seismic Acoust Velocities Reserv Rocks 3:531–539
Zisman WA (1933) Comparison of the statically and seismologically determined elastic constants of rocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 19(7):680–686
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries, Trinidad and Tobago, Engineering Institute, Faculty of Engineering, and Campus Research and Publication Fund Committee, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, for funding this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Blake, O.O., Ramsook, R., Faulkner, D.R. et al. The Effect of Effective Pressure on the Relationship Between Static and Dynamic Young’s Moduli and Poisson’s Ratio of Naparima Hill Formation Mudstones. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53, 3761–3778 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02140-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02140-0