Skip to main content
Log in

The CST: Its Achievements and Its Connection to the Light Cone

  • Published:
Few-Body Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

I review the applications of the Covariant Spectator Theory (CST) since its inception in 1969. Applications discussed here include calculations of NN scattering, 3N bound states, electromagnetic form factors of few-nucleon systems, and the recent successes in describing the dynamical generation of quark mass and the meson spectrum using a chirially invariant quark–antiquark interaction that includes confinement. The common origin of the Light Cone technique and the CST, which dates back to the 1970’s, will be discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. F. Gross, Relativistic calculation of the deuteron electromagnetic form factor I. Phys. Rev. 134, B405 (1964)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. F. Gross, Relativistic calculation of the deuteron electromagnetic form factor II. Phys. Rev. 136, B140 (1965)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  3. F. Gross, Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Field Theory (Wiley, New York, 1993)

    Google Scholar 

  4. F. Gross, Three dimensional covariant integral equations for low energy systems. Phys. Rev. 186, 1448 (1969)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. S.J. Brodsky, G.P. Lepage, Recent advances in bound state quantum electrodynamics. In: Fourth International Colloquium on Advanced Computing Methods in Theoretical Physics, Saint Maximin, France, March 21–23, 1977 (1977)

  6. M.I. Edies et al., Theory of light hydrogenlike atoms. Phys. Rep. 342, 63–261 (2001)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. W.P. Ford, S. Jeschonnek, J.W. Van Orden, Momentum distributions for \(^2\)H(e, e’p). Phys. Rev. C 90, 064006 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. K.M. Maung et al., Relativistic proton nucleus scattering and one boson exchange models. Phys. Rev. C 43, 1378–1388 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. L.S. Celenza, C. Shaken, Relativistic Nuclear Physics: Theories of Structure and Scattering (World Scientific Publishers, Singapore, 1986)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. Y. Surya, F. Gross, Unitary, gauge invariant, relativistic resonance model for pion photoproduction. Phys. Rev. C 53, 2422 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. S. Liuti, F. Gross, Extraction of the ratio of the neutron to proton structure functions from deep inelastic scattering. Phys. Lett. 356B, 157 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. F. Gross, D.O. Riska, Current conservation and interaction currents in relativistic meson theories. Phys. Rev. C 36, 1928 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. J.W. Van Orden, N. Devine, F. Gross, Elastic electron scattering from the deuteron using the gross equation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4369 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Stadler, F. Gross, Relativistic calculation of the triton binding energy and its implications. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 26 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. A.N. Kvinikhidze, B. Blankleider, Gauging the three nucleon spectator equation. Phys. Rev. C 56, 2973–2986 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. F. Gross, A. Stadler, M.T. Peña, Relativistic calculation of the triton binding energy and its implications. Phys. Rev. C 69, 034007 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. F. Gross, A. Stadler, Covariant spectator theory of np scattering: phase shifts obtained from precision fits to data below 350-MeV. Phys. Rev. C 78, 014005 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. F. Gross, Covariant Spectator Theory of np scattering: isoscalar interaction currents. Phys. Rev. C 89, 064001

  19. F. Gross, J. Milana, Goldstone pion and other mesons using a scalar confining interaction. Phys. Rev. D 50, 3332 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. M. Uzzo, F. Gross, Stability of the spectator, dirac, and salpeter equations for mesons. Phys. Rev. C 59, 1009 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. C. Savkli, F. Gross, Quark–antiquark bound states in the relativistic spectator formalism. Phys. Rev. C 63, 035208 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. F. Gross, G. Ramalho, M.T. Peña, Spin and angular momentum in the nucleon. Phys. Rev. D 85, 093006 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. E. Biernat, F. Gross, M.T. Peña, A. Stadler, Confinement, quark mass functions, and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in Minkowski space. Phys. Rev. D 89, 016005 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. E. Biernat, F. Gross, M.T. Peña, A. Stadler, Pion electromagnetic form factor in the Covariant Spectator Theory. Phys. Rev. D 89, 016006 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. E. Biernat et al., Chiral symmetry and \(\pi \pi \) scattering in the Covariant Spectator Theory. Phys. Rev. D 90, 096008 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. E. Biernat, F. Gross, M.T. Peña, A. Stadler, Charge-conjugation symmetric complete impulse approximation for the pion electromagnetic form factor in the Covariant Spectator Theory. Phys. Rev. D 92, 076011 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. S. Leitão, A. Stadler, M.T. Peña, E. Biernat, Covariant Spectator Theory of heavy-light and heavy mesons and the predictive power of covariant interaction kernels. Phys. Lett. B 764, 38–41 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Franz Gross.

Additional information

This article belongs to the Topical Collection “Light Cone 2016”.

Many thanks to my collaborators who have worked with me over the years. Those who have contributed to the discussion covered in this mini-review include: Alfred Stadler, Teresa Peña, Elmar Biernat, J.W. Van Orden, D.O.Riska, Joe Milana, Cetin Savkli, M. Uzzo, Carl Carlson, John Tjon, Yohanes Surya, Gilberto Ramalho, and Sofia Leitão.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gross, F. The CST: Its Achievements and Its Connection to the Light Cone. Few-Body Syst 58, 39 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00601-017-1215-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00601-017-1215-4

Navigation