Abstract
Aims
This study aimed to determine whether Korean adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes before the age of 40 have a different perception of the impact of diabetes on their quality of life (QoL) compared with that of patients diagnosed at an older age.
Methods
A total of 236 patients were investigated in this cross-sectional study. The patients were classified into two groups based on their age at diagnosis: early type 2 diabetes (age at diagnosis <40 years) and typical type 2 diabetes (age at diagnosis ≥40 years). The QoL was assessed using the latest version of the audit of diabetes-dependent quality of life (ADDQoL).
Results
The average weighted impact (AWI) of diabetes on QoL was significantly lower in adults with early type 2 diabetes than those diagnosed later. Patients with early type 2 diabetes reported a greater negative impact of diabetes on specific life domains “close personal relationship,” “sex life,” “self-confidence,” “motivation to achieve things,” “feelings about the future,” “freedom to eat,” and “freedom to drink” than patients with typical type 2 diabetes. In multivariate analysis adjusted for demographic and medical variables, a diagnosis of diabetes before the age of 40 was significantly associated with a lower ADDQoL AWI score [OR 3.60 (95 % CI: 1.12–11.55), P < 0.05].
Conclusions
Younger age at type 2 diabetes diagnosis is significantly associated with a poor diabetes-related QoL.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Speight J, Reaney MD, Barnard KD (2009) Not all roads lead to Rome: a review of quality of life measurement in adults with diabetes. Diabet Med 26:315–327
Bradley C, Speight J (2002) Patient perceptions of diabetes and diabetes therapy: assessing quality of life. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 18:S64–S69
Bradley C, Todd C, Gorton T, Symonds E, Martin A, Plowright R (1999) The development of an individualized questionnaire measure of perceived impact of diabetes on quality of life: the ADDQoL. Qual Life Res 8:79–91
Clark CM Jr (1998) How should we respond to the worldwide diabetes epidemic? Diabetes Care 21:475–476
Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM et al (2000) Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. J Pediatr 136:664–672
Rhee B (2003) Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus among Korean population. J Korean Diabetes Assoc 27:173–178
Browne JL, Scibilia R, Speight J (2013) The needs, concerns, and characteristics of younger Australian adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 30:620–626
Nunnally JC (1994) Psychometric theory, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (2003) Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26:S5–S20
Committee of Clinical Practice Guideline (2013) Clinical practice guideline 2013, 5th edn. Korean diabetes association, Seoul
Hillier TA, Pedula KL (2001) Characteristics of an adult population with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: the relation of obesity and age of onset. Diabetes Care 24:1522–1527
Kim KS, Oh HJ, Kim JW, Lee YK, Kim SK, Park SW et al (2010) The clinical characteristics of the newly diagnosed early onset (<40 years old) diabetes in outpatients’ clinic. Korean Diabetes J 34:119–125
Hillier TA, Pedula KL (2003) Complications in young adults with early-onset type 2 diabetes: losing the relative protection of youth. Diabetes Care 26:2999–3005
Benhalima K, Song SH, Wilmot EG et al (2011) Characteristics, complications and management of a large multiethnic cohort of younger adults with type 2 diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes 5:245–250
Lustman PJ, Clouse RE, Griffith LS, Carney RM, Freedland KE (1997) Screening for depression in diabetes using the Beck Depression Inventory. Psychosom Med 59:24–31
Wee HL, Tan CE, Goh SY, Li SC (2006) Usefulness of the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality-of-Life (ADDQoL) questionnaire in patients with diabetes in a multi-ethnic Asian country. Pharmacoeconomics 24:673–682
National Kidney Foundation (2002) K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39:S1–S266
Isomaa B, Almgren P, Henricsson M et al (1999) Chronic complications in patients with slowly progressing autoimmune type 1 diabetes (LADA). Diabetes Care 22:1347–1353
Berkowitz SA, Meigs JB, Wexler DJ (2013) Age at type 2 diabetes onset and glycaemic control: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2010. Diabetologia 56:2593–2600
Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P (2007) Acute and chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Lancet 369:1823–1831
O’Connor PJ, Desai JR, Solberg LI, Rush WA, Bishop DB (2003) Variation in diabetes care by age: opportunities for customization of care. BMC Fam Pract 4:16
Wong J, Molyneaux L, Constantino M, Twigg SM, Yue DK (2008) Timing is everything: age of onset influences long-term retinopathy risk in type 2 diabetes, independent of traditional risk factors. Diabetes Care 31:1985–1990
Collins MM, O’Sullivan T, Harkins V, Perry IJ (2009) Quality of life and quality of care in patients with diabetes experiencing different models of care. Diabetes Care 32:603–605
Holmanova E, Ziakova K (2009) Audit diabetes-dependent quality of life questionnaire: usefulness in diabetes self-management education in the Slovak population. J Clin Nurs 18:1276–1286
DAFNE Study Group (2002) Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial. BMJ 325:746
Speight J, Amiel SA, Bradley C et al (2010) Long-term biomedical and psychosocial outcomes following DAFNE (dose adjustment for normal eating) structured education to promote intensive insulin therapy in adults with sub-optimally controlled type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 89:22–29
Sundaram M, Kavookjian J, Patrick JH, Miller LA, Madhavan SS, Scott VG (2007) Quality of life, health status and clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients. Qual Life Res 16:165–177
Lemon SC, Rosal MC, Welch G (2011) Measuring quality of life in low-income, Spanish-speaking Puerto Ricans with type 2 diabetes residing in the mainland US. Qual Life Res 20:1507–1511
Noh JH, Park JK, Lee HJ et al (2005) Depressive symptoms of type 2 diabetics treated with insulin compared to diabetics taking oral anti-diabetic drugs: a Korean study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 69:243–248
Trento M, Raballo M, Trevisan M et al (2012) A cross-sectional survey of depression, anxiety, and cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 49:199–203
Van der Does FE, De Neeling JN, Snoek FJ et al (1996) Symptoms and well-being in relation to glycemic control in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 19:204–210
Ostini R, Dower J, Donald M (2012) The audit of diabetes-dependent quality of life 19 (ADDQoL): feasibility, reliability and validity in a population-based sample of Australian adults. Qual Life Res 21:1471–1477
Huang ES, Brown SE, Ewigman BG, Foley EC, Meltzer DO (2007) Patient perceptions of quality of life with diabetes-related complications and treatments. Diabetes Care 30:2478–2483
Lloyd A, Sawyer W, Hopkinson P (2001) Impact of long-term complications on quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes not using insulin. Value Health 4:392–400
Jacobson AM, de Groot M, Samson JA (1994) The evaluation of two measures of quality of life in patients with type I and type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 17:267–274
Glasgow RE, Ruggiero L, Eakin EG, Dryfoos J, Chobanian L (1997) Quality of life and associated characteristics in a large national sample of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 20:562–567
Jones AG, Hattersley AT (2013) The clinical utility of C-peptide measurement in the care of patients with diabetes. Diabet Med 30:803–817
Conflict of interest
Jin Ook Chung, Dong Hyeok Cho, Dong Jin Chung, and Min Young Chung declare they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical standard
All the authors declare that there is no ethical problem associated with this manuscript.
Human and Animal Rights disclosure
All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, as revised in 2008.
Informed consent disclosure
Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Managed by Massimo Porta.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chung, J.O., Cho, D.H., Chung, D.J. et al. An assessment of the impact of type 2 diabetes on the quality of life based on age at diabetes diagnosis. Acta Diabetol 51, 1065–1072 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-014-0677-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-014-0677-9