Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common, progressive, and irreversible disease in dogs. Inflammation and proteinuria are related to the process of CKD progression. The search for early markers and indicators of the degree and location of renal inflammation to aid in diagnosis and prognosis is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of serum and urinary electrophoresis as an aid tool in the diagnosis of dogs with chronic kidney disease according to the stage of CKD (IRIS 2019b). For this, 27 canine patients from routine clinical practice were evaluated and divided into five groups: C (control), G1 (CKD—stage 1), G2 (CKD—stage 2), G3 (CKD—stage 3), and G4 (CKD—stage 4). Samples were evaluated by serum and urine biochemistry, urinalysis, and serum and urine polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In serum electrophoresis, difference was observed between the C and the CKD group, with a decrease in 40.76 (P = 0.017), 33.96 (P = 0.025), and 25.79 kDa (P = 0.049) serum proteins caused by the loss of protein in the urine in dogs affected with CKD. The urinary electrophoresis showed an important difference between groups in the evaluation of the lesion pattern, and in the glomerular and tubular lesion score, there was a difference in the glomerular lesion score of C in relation to G2 (P = 0.007), G3 (P = 0.016), and G4 (P = 0.000). Regarding the tubular lesion score, there was a difference between C and G2 (P = 0.029), G3 (P = 0.000), and G4 (P = 0.000), and between G4 and G2 (P = 0.037), with a higher score in G4. Based on these results, the application of urinary electrophoresis can be indicated as an aid tool in the diagnosis of CKD, proving useful in the evaluation of the site and the severity of renal disease.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Veterinary Medicine Department, Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program, Veterinary Clinical Pathology Research Laboratory, and Biomolecule Analysis Nucleus (NuBioMol) of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa for providing the facilities for the conduction of the experiments and data analysis.
Funding
This work was supported by the following Brazilian agencies: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Fapemig), Coordenacão de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), and National System of Nanotechnology Laboratories (SisNANO)/Ministry of Science, Technology and Information (MCTI).
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This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of Universidade Federal de Viçosa (CEUA/UFV no 94/2017).
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Highlights
-The serum electrophoresis evidence that the loss of protein in the urine of animals affected by CKD leads to a decrease in levels of serum proteins. This finding reinforces the importance of conducting an adequate investigation of proteinuria in dogs affected with CKD.
-The evaluation of proteinuria according to the classification proposed by Hokamp et al. (2018) proved to be an applicable non-invasive method that provides assistance in guiding the definition of the location of the installation of the CKD and the degree of renal involvement.
-Urinary electrophoresis can make an important contribution to aid in the diagnosis of CKD, associated with UPC, especially in patients whose gold standard (renal biopsy) is not indicated or possible to be performed.
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Dornelas, L.R.S.M., Orozco, A.M.O., López, C.J.R. et al. Application of serum and urinary electrophoresis as an aid tool for evaluating dogs at different stages of chronic kidney disease. Comp Clin Pathol 30, 593–603 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-021-03231-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-021-03231-2