Abstract
This paper presents a fully integrated low power class-E power amplifier and its integration to remotely powered sensor system. The on-chip 1.2 GHz power amplifier is implemented in 0.18 µm CMOS process with 0.2 V supply. The implantable system is powered by using an inductively coupled remote powering link at 13.56 MHz. A passive full-wave rectifier converts the induced AC voltage on the implant coil into a DC voltage. A clean and stable 1.8 V supply voltage for the sensor and communication blocks is generated by a voltage regulator. On–off keying modulated low-power transmitter at 1.2 GHz is used for the transmission of the data collected from the sensors. The transmitter is composed of a LC tank oscillator and a fully on-chip class-E power amplifier. Compared to the conventional class-E power amplifiers, an additional network which reduces the on-chip area is used at the output of the power amplifier. The measurement results verify the functionality of the remotely powered implantable sensor system and the power amplifier. The integrated power amplifier provides −10 dBm output power for 50 Ω load with a drain efficiency of 31.5 %. The uplink data communication with a data rate of 600 kbps is established by using a commercial 50 Ω chip antenna at 1 m communication distance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bae Joonsung, Yan L, Yoo H-J (2011) A low energy injection-locked FSK transceiver with frequency-to-amplitude conversion for body sensor applications. IEEE J Solid State Circ 46:928–937. doi:10.1109/JSSC.2011.2109450
Friis HT (1946) A note on a simple transmission formula. Proc IRE 34:254–256. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1946.234568
Jovanov E, Milenkovic A, Otto C, de Groen PC (2005) A wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computer assisted physical rehabilitation. J NeuroEng Rehabil 2:1–10. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-2-6
Kee SD, Aoki I, Hajimiri A, Rutledge D (2003) The class-E/F family of ZVS switching amplifiers. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 51:1677–1690. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2003.812564
Kilinc EG, Maloberti F, Dehollain C (2012) Remotely powered telemetry system with dynamic power-adaptation for freely moving animals. In: 2012 IEEE biomedical circuits and systems conference (BioCAS), pp 260–263
Kilinc EG, Ture K, Maloberti F, Dehollain C (2013) Design and comparison of class-C and class-D power amplifiers for remotely powered systems. In: 2013 IEEE 20th international conference on electronics, circuits, and systems (ICECS), pp 461–464
Kilinc EG, Ghanad MA, Maloberti F, Dehollain C (2015) A remotely powered implantable biomedical system with location detector. IEEE Trans Biomed Circ Syst 9:113–123. doi:10.1109/TBCAS.2014.2321524
Le TT, Han J, von Jouanne A et al (2006) Piezoelectric micro-power generation interface circuits. IEEE J Solid State Circ 41:1411–1420. doi:10.1109/JSSC.2006.874286
Liu Y-H, Lin T-H (2009) A wideband PLL-based G/FSK transmitter in 0.18 m CMOS. IEEE J Solid State Circ 44:2452–2462. doi:10.1109/JSSC.2009.2022994
Liu X, Izad MM, Yao L, Heng C-H (2014) A 13 pJ/bit 900 MHz QPSK/16-QAM band shaped transmitter based on injection locking and digital PA for biomedical applications. IEEE J Solid State Circ 49:2408–2421. doi:10.1109/JSSC.2014.2354650
Movassaghi S, Abolhasan M, Lipman J et al (2014) Wireless body area networks: a survey. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 16:1658–1686. doi:10.1109/SURV.2013.121313.00064
Natarajan K, Allstot DJ, Walling JS (2011a) Transmitters for body sensor networks: a comparative study. In: 2011 IEEE biomedical circuits and systems conference (BioCAS), pp 185–188
Natarajan K, Yoo S, Allstot DJ, Walling JS (2011b) Towards greener wireless transmission: efficient power amplifier design. In: Green computing conference and workshops (IGCC), 2011 International, pp 1–4
Sodagar AM, Najafi K, Wise KD, Ghovanloo M (2006) Fully-integrated CMOS power regulator for telemetry-powered implantable biomedical microsystems. In: IEEE custom integrated circuits conference, 2006. CICC’06, pp 659–662
Sokal NO, Sokal AD (1975) Class E—a new class of high-efficiency tuned single-ended switching power amplifiers. IEEE J Solid State Circ 10:168–176. doi:10.1109/JSSC.1975.1050582
Tan J, Heng C-H, Lian Y (2012) Design of efficient class-e power amplifiers for short-distance communications. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Regul Pap 59:2210–2220. doi:10.1109/TCSI.2012.2188951
Ture K, Kilinc EG, Dehollain C (2015) A low power on-chip class-E power amplifier for remotely powered implantable sensor systems. In: Proc. SPIE 9518, Bio-MEMS and medical microdevices II, pp 951805-1–951805-7
Vassiliou CC, Liu VH, Cima MJ (2015) Miniaturized, biopsy-implantable chemical sensor with wireless, magnetic resonance readout. Lab Chip 15:3465–3472. doi:10.1039/C5LC00546A
Zeng F-G, Rebscher S, Harrison W et al (2008) Cochlear Implants: system design, integration, and evaluation. Biomed Eng IEEE Rev In 1:115–142. doi:10.1109/RBME.2008.2008250
Zulinski RE, Steadman JW (1987) Class E power amplifiers and frequency multipliers with finite DC-feed inductance. IEEE Trans Circ Syst 34:1074–1087. doi:10.1109/TCS.1987.1086268
Acknowledgments
This research work has been financed by the Swiss National Funding (SNF) organism thanks to the SNF project dedicated to the Detection of Epilepsy in vivo and through the SNF Sinergia Initiative.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ture, K., Kilinc, E.G. & Dehollain, C. A remotely powered fully integrated low power class-E power amplifier for implantable sensor systems. Microsyst Technol 22, 1519–1527 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-015-2747-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-015-2747-5