Skip to main content
Log in

Ordovician submarine to subaerial volcanism along the western Gondwana margin: records of the Famatinian belt evolution, north-western Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Suri-Las Planchadas Volcanic-Sedimentary Complex (SPVSC), northwest of the Sierras Pampeanas in Argentina, comprises an Early to Middle Ordovician (Floian–Dapingian) submarine and subaerial succession with a variety of mafic to felsic volcanic lithofacies. These units include mafic to intermediate submarine massive-hyaloclastic lava flows, dacitic lavas, pyroclast-rich volcaniclastic deposits, intrusions of domes/sills and rhyodacitic—rhyolitic lavas. Along Las Planchadas hill a section of ~ 3 km thickness is exposed showing vertical and lateral variations. The lower part is dominated by massive, pillowed and basaltic to intermediate lavas, autobreccia and hyaloclastic facies, representing the beginning of the volcanic arc activity. The upper almost 2 km of the succession is dominated by subaqueous-resedimented volcaniclastic siltstones, sandstones and breccias with abundant pyroclastic components and rhyodacitic to rhyolitic lava-domes, sills and dykes. Tuff and ignimbrite lithoclasts, abundant shards and pumice fragments were determined in the resedimented deposits. Volcanism in the SPVSC started with submarine eruptions and progressively grew above the wave base, accompanied by a change from mafic to intermediate and felsic members. The eruptive pattern shifted from effusive to explosive, producing a large apron of syn-and post-eruptive volcaniclastic deposits of debris flows and turbidity currents. They are the evidence of variations in composition and volcanic styles and their development contributed to generate an apron surrounding the volcanoes. The apron prograded and aggraded with the evolution of the volcanism culminating in shallow water volcanogenic beds. The final phase was characterized by felsic subaerial or shallow subaqueous explosive volcanism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aceñolaza FG, Toselli AJ (1976) Consideraciones estratigráficas y tectónicas sobre el Paleozoico inferior del Noroeste Argentino. II Congreso Latinoamericano De Geología, Caracas, Actas 2:755–764

    Google Scholar 

  • Aceñolaza FG, Toselli A (1984) Lower ordovician volcanismin North West Argentina. In: Bruton DI (ed) Aspects of the ordovician system, vol 295. Palaeontological Contributions University of Oslo, Oslo, pp 203–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Albanessi G, Vaccari E (1994) Conodontos del Arenigiano en la Formación Suri. Sistema de Famatina, Argentina. Rev Esp Micropaleontol 26(2):125–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen JRL (1985) Principles of physical sedimentology. Springer, London, p 272

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen SR, Freundt A (2006) Resedimentation of cold pumiceous ignimbrite into water: facies transformations simulated in flume experiments. Sedimentology 53:717–734

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen RS, Hayward BW, Mathews E (2007) A facies model for a submarine volcaniclastic apron: the Miocene Manukau subgroup, New Zealand. Geol Soc Am Bull 119(5/6):725–742

    Google Scholar 

  • Almeida F, Hasui Y, Brito Neves BB (1976) The upper Precambrian of South America. Univ Sao Paulo Inst Geosci Boletim 7:45–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Altenberger U, Cisterna C, Günter C, Gutiérrez A, Rosales J (2021) Tectono-metamorphic evolution of the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana: evidence of internal high-grade metamorphism along the northern portion of the Famatinian orogen, Sierra de Aconquija, Sierras Pampeanas Orientales, Argentina. J S Am Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Astini RA, Benedetto JL (1993) A collisional model for the stratigraphic evolution of the Argentine Precordillera during the early Paleozoic. In: 2° International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (Oxford), Paris, p 501–504

  • Astini R, Dávila F (2002) El Grupo Cerro Morado (Ordovícico Medio) en el Famatina (28°-29° S), Andes Centrales del oeste argentino. Revista Geológica De Chile 29:241–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Astini RA, Dávila FM (2004) Ordovician back arc foreland and Ocloyic thrust belt development on the western Gondwana margin as a response to Precordillera terrane accretion. Tectonics. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003TC001620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Astini RA, Benedetto JL, Vaccari E (1995) The early Paleozoic evolution of the Argentine Precordillera as a Laurentian rifted, drifted and collided terrane: a geodynamic model. Geol Soc Am Bull 107:253–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahlburg H (1990) The Ordovician basin in the northern Puna of Argentina and Chile: geodynamic evolution from back-arc to foreland basin. Geotekton Forsch 75:1–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahlburg H (1991) The Ordovician back-arc to forelands successor basin in the Argentinian-Chilean Puna: tectono-sedimentary trends and sea-level changes. Sedim Tectonics Eustasy Sea-Level Changes Active Mar 12:465–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahlburg H (1998) The geochemistry and provenance of ordovician turbidites in the Argentinian Puna. In: Pankhurst RJ, Rapela CW (eds) The Proto-Andean margin of Gondwana, vol 142. Geological Society, London, pp 127–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahlburg H, Vervoort JD, DuFrane A, Carlotto V, Reimann C, Cárdenas J (2011) The U-Pb and Hf isotope evidence of detrital zircons of the Ordovician Ollantaytambo formation, Southern Peru, and the Ordovician provenance and paleogeography of Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. J S Am Earth Sci 32:196–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahlburg H, Berndt J, Gerdes A (2016) The ages and tectonic setting of the Faja Eruptiva de la Puna Oriental, Ordovician, NW Argentina. Lithos 256–257:41–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldo EG, Fanning CM, Rapela CW et al (2003) U-Pb Shrimp dating of rhyolite volcanism in the Famatinan belt and K-bentonites in the Precordillera. Ordovician from the Andes. Serie Correlación Geológica 17:41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedetto JL (1994) Braquiópodos ordovícicos (Arenigiano) de la Formación Suri en la región del Río Chaschuil, Sistema del Famatina, Argentina. Ameghiniana 31:221–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierlein FP, Stein HJ, Coira B, Reynolds P (2006) Timing of gold and crustal evolution of the Palaeozoic south central Andes, NW Argentina-implications for the endowment of orogenic belts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 245:702–721

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey SN (1997) Influence of convective sedimentation on the formation of widespread tephra fall layers in the deep sea. Geology 25(9):389–842

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr PF, Jones BG (2001) The influence of palaeoenvironment and lava flux on the emplacement of submarine, near-shore Late Permian basalt lavas, Sydney Basin (Australia). J Volcanol Geoth Res 112:247–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Chernicoff CJ, Zappettini EO, Santos JOS et al (2010) The southern segment of the Famatinian magmatic arc, La Pampa Province, Argentina. Gondwana Reseach 17:662–675

    Google Scholar 

  • Chew DM, Schaltegger U, Košler J et al (2007) U-Pb geochronologic evidence for the evolution of the Gondwanan margin of the north-central Andes. Geol Soc Am Bull 119:697–711

    Google Scholar 

  • Cisterna C, Coira B (2014) Subaqueous eruption-fed mass-flow deposits: records of the Ordovician arc volcanism in the Northern Famatina Belt; Northwestern Argentina. J S Am Earth Sci 49:73–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Cisterna C, Coira B (2017) Registros volcánicos del magmatismo ordovícico en las provincias de Catamarca y La Rioja, noroeste de Argentina. Herramientas para la reconstrucción del arco famatiniano. In: Muruaga C, Grosse P (eds) Ciencias de la Tierra y Recursos Naturales del NOA. Relatorio Congreso Geológico, Tucumán, pp 414–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Cisterna C, Mon R (2014) Episodios diastróficos ordovícicos registrados en las sucesiones volcánicas–sedimentarias del Tremadociano Temprano en el norte del Sistema de Famatina. Revista De La Asociación Geológica Argentina 71:393–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Cisterna C, Coira B, Décima F (2010) Efusiones subácueas del arco volcánico ordovícico en el norte del Sistema de Famatina. Revista De La Asociación Geológica Argentina 66:223–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Cisterna C, Koukharsky M, Coira B et al (2017) Arenigian tholeiitic basalts in the Famatina Ordovician basin, northwestern Argentina: emplacement conditions and their tectonic significance. Andean Geology 44(2):123–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemens K (1993) Sedimentología, proveniencia y desarrollo geotectónico del Sistema de Famatina en el noroeste de Argentina durante el Paleozoico inferior. Congreso Geológico Argentino 2:310–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Coira B (1979) Descripción Geológica de la Hoja 3C Abra Pampa, provincia de Jujuy. Servicio Geológico Nacional Boletín 170:1–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Coira B (2008) Volcanismo del Paleozoico inferior en la Puna Jujeña. In: Coira B, Zappettini C (eds) Ciclo Pampeano—Famatiniano—Geología. Relatorio Congreso Geológico Argentino, Jujuy, pp 140–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Coira B, Koukharsky M (2002) Ordovician volcanic activity in the Puna, Argentina. Aspects of the Ordovician system in Argentina. Serie De Correlación Geológica 16:267–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Coira B, Pérez B (2002) Peperitic textures of Ordovician dacitic synsedimentary intrusions in Argentina’s Puna Highland: clues to emplacement conditions. J Volcanol Geoth Res 114:165–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Coira B, Davidson J, Mpodozis C, Ramos V (1982) Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Andes of northern Argentina and Chile. Earth-Sci Rev 18:303–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Coira B, Pérez B, Flores P, Kay S, Woll B, Hanning M (1999) Magmatic sources and tectonic setting of Gondwana margin Ordovician magmas, northern Puna Argentina and Chile. Spec Paper Geol Soc Am 336:145–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Coira B, Koukharsky M, Ribeiro Guevara S, Cisterna C (2009) Puna (Argentina) and Northern Chile Ordovician basic magmatism: a contribution to the tectonic setting. J S Am Earth Sci 27:24–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Currie C A, Hyndman R D (2005) The thermal structure of subduction zones: The case for a hot backarc: EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 86, abstract T11B-0366

  • Dalziel IWD (1997) Neoproterozoic Paleozoic geography and tectonics: review, hypothesis, environmental speculation. Geol Soc Am Bull 109:16–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Dellino P, La Volpe I (1995) Fragmentation versus transportation mechanisms in the pyroclastic sequence of Monte Pilato-Rocche Rosse (Lipari, Italy). J Volcanol Geoth Res 64:211–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Deptuck M, Sylvester Z (2018) Submarine fans and their channels, levees, and lobes. In: Micallef A et al (eds) Submarine geomorphology. Springer, Berlin, pp 273–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducea MN, Otamendi J, Bergantz G et al (2010) Timing constraints on building an intermediate plutonic arc crustal section: U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Sierra Valle Fértil–La Huerta, Famatinian arc. Argentina Tectonics. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009TC002615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fanning CM, Pankhurst RJ, Rapela CW et al (2004) K-bentonites in the Argentine Precordillera contemporaneous with volcanism in the Famatinian arc. J Geol Soc 161:747–756

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RV (1961) Proposed classification of volcaniclastic sediments and rocks. Geological Society American Bulletin 72:1409–1414

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RV (1966) Mechanism of deposition from pyroclastic flows. Am J Sci 264:350–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RV (1971) Features of coarse-grained, high concentration fluids and their deposits. J Sedim Petrol 41(4):916–927

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RV, Schmincke HU (1984) Pyroclastic rocks. Springer, Berlin, p 318

    Google Scholar 

  • García-Ramírez CA, Rey-León V, Valencia V (2017) Ortoneises en la Franja Silos-Babega, Macizo de Santander, Colombia: evidencias de la orogenia famatiniana en los Andes del norte. Andean Geology 44:307–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Hampton MA (1972) The role of subaqueous debris flow in generating turbidity currents. J Sediment Petrol 42(4):775–793

    Google Scholar 

  • Hürlimann M, Coviello V, Bel C et al (2019) Debris-flow monitoring and warning: review and examples. Earth Sci Rev 199:1081

    Google Scholar 

  • Komar PD (1971) Hydraulic jumps in turbidity currents. GSA Bull 82(6):1477–1488

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer PE, Escayola MP, Martino RD (1995) Hipótesis sobre la evolución neoproterozoica de las Sierras Pampeanas de Córdoba (30°40′–32°40′ S) Argentina. Revista De La Asociación Geológica Argentina 50(1–4):47–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Larrovere MA, de los Hoyos CR, Willner AP, et al (2019) Mid-crustal deformation in a continental margin orogen: structural evolution and timing of the Famatinian Orogeny, NW Argentina. J Geol Soc 177:233–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Loewy SL, Connelly JN, Dalziel IWD (2004) An orphaned basement block: the Arequipa-Antofalla basement of the central Andean margin of South America. Geol Soc Am Bull 117:171–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Lork A, Bahlburg E (1993) Precise U-Pb ages of monazites from the Faja Eruptiva de la Puna Oriental, NW Argentina. In: 12º Congreso Geológico Argentino and 2º Congreso Exploración de Hidrocarburos, Actas 4, p 1–6, Buenos Aires

  • Lowe DR (1982) Sediment gravity flows: II depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high density turbidity currents. J Sediment Petrol 52:279–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Mángano MG, Buatois LA (1996) Shallow marine event sedimentation in a volcanic arc-related setting: the Ordovician Suri Formation, Famatina Range, northwest Argentina. Sed Geol 105:63–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Mángano MG, Buatois LA (1997) Slope-apron deposition in an Ordovician arc-related setting: The Vuelta de Las Tolas member (Suri Formation), Famatina Basin, northwestern Argentina. Sed Geol 109:155–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannheim R (1993) Génesis de las volcanitas eopaleozoicas del Sistema del Famatina, Noroeste de Argentina. In: 12 Congreso Geológico Argentino y 2 Congreso de Exploración de Hidrocarburos Actas 4, Mendoza, p 147–155

  • Mannheim R, Miller H (1996) Las rocas volcánicas y subvolcánicas eopaleozoicas del Sistema de Famatina. In Aceñolaza F et al. (Eds.), Geología del Sistema del Famatina, Münchner Geologische 19 (A), pp. 159–186.

  • McPhie J (1995) A Pliocene shoaling basaltic seamount—Ba volcanic group at Rakiraki, Fiji. J Volcanol Geoth Res 64(3–4):193–210

    Google Scholar 

  • McPhie J, Doyle M, Allen R (1993) Volcanic Textures: a guide to the interpretation of textures in volcanic rocks. In: CODES Key Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, p 198

  • Morgan JP, Ranero CR, Vannucchi P (2008) Intra-arc extension in Central America: links between plate motions, tectonics, volcanism, and geochemistry. Earth Planet Sci Lett 272:365–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemec W, Steel RJ (1984) Alluvial and coastal conglomerates: Their significant features and some comments on gravelly mass-flow deposits. In: Koster EH, Steel RJ (eds) Sedimentology of gravels and conglomerates. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, Calgary, pp 1–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemeyer H, Gotze J, Sanhueza M, Portilla C (2017) The Ordovician magmatic arc in the northern Chile-Argentina Andes between 21° and 26° south latitude. J S Am Earth Sci 81:204–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Padel M, Álvaro JJ, Casas JM et al (2017) Cadomian volcano sedimentary complexes across the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition of the Eastern Pyrenees, southwestern Europe. Int J Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-017-1559-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pankhurst R, Rapela C, Saavedra J et al (1998) The Famatinian magmatic arc in the Central Sierras Pampeanas: an early to midOrdovician continental arc on the Gondwana margin. The Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana. Geol Soc London 142:343–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Pankhurst R, Rapela C, Fanning H (2000) Age and origin of coeval TTG, I-and S-Type granites in the Famatinian belt of NW Argentina. Trans Royal Soc Edinburgh Earth Sci 91:151–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Pankhurst RJ, Rapela CW, Fanning CM, Márquez M (2006) Gondwanide continental collision and the origin of Patagonia. Earth Sci Rev 76:235–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen CS, Leanza AF (1953) Elementos de geología aplicada. Nigar, Buenos Aires, p 475

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramos V (1988) Late proterozoic-early paleozoic of South America: a collisional history. Episodes 11:168–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramos VA (2018) The Famatinian orogen along the protomargin of Western Gondwana: evidence for a nearly continuous Ordovician magmatic arc between Venezuela and Argentina. In: Folguera A, Contreras Reyes E, Heredia N, Encinas AB et al (eds) The evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes. Springer, Berlin, pp 154–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapela CW, Pankhurst RJ, Casquet C et al (1998) The Pampean orogeny of the southern proto-Andes: evidence for Cambrian continental collision in the Sierras de CórdobaThe Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana. Geol Soc London 142:181–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapela CW, Pankhurst RJ, Casquet C et al (2018) A review of the Famatinian Ordovician magmatism in southern South America: evidence of lithosphere reworking and continental subduction in the early proto-Andean margin of Gondwana. Earth Sci Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.10.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro JM, Stern RJ, Kelley K et al (2013) Nature and distribution of slab-derived fluids and mantle sources beneath the Southeast Mariana forearc rift. Geochem Geophys Geosyst. https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubiolo D, Cisterna C, Villeneuve M (2002) Edad U/Pb del granito de Las Angosturas en la sierra de Narváez (Sistema de Famatina, provincia de Catamarca). In: 15 Congreso Geológico Argentino, Actas 1, Calafate, p 359–362

  • Sánchez Lorda ME, Sarrionandia F, Abalos B et al (2013) Geochemistry and paleotectonic setting of Ediacaran metabasites from the Ossa-Morena Zone (SW Iberia). Int J Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-013-0937-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanmugam G (2019) Slides, slumps, debris flows, turbidity currents, hyperpycnal flows, and bottom currents. In: Kirk Cochran J (ed) Encyclopedia of ocean sciences, 3rd edn. Elsevier, New York, pp 228–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart AL, McPhie J (2004) An upper pliocene coarse pumice breccia generated by a shallow submarine explosive eruption, Milos, Greece. Bull Volcanol 66(1):15–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Toselli A, Saavedra J, Pellitero E et al (1990) Geoquímica y petrogénesis del volcanismo ordovícico de la Formación Las Planchadas, Sistema del Famatina. Revista De La Asociación Geológica Argentina 45:13–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Toselli A, Durand F, Rossi de Toselli J, Saavedra J (1996) Esquema de evolución geotectónica y magmática eopaleozoica del Sistema de Famatina y sectores de Sierras Pampeanas. In: 13 Congreso Geológico Argentino, Actas 5, Buenos Aires, p 443–462

  • Tucker M, Durham V, Wright P (1990) Carbonate sedimentology. Blackwell, Oxford, p 554

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaccari E, Wasisfeld B (1994) Nuevos trilobites de la formación suri (Ordovícico Temprano) en la región de Chaschuil, provincia de Catamarca. Implicancias Bioestratigráficas Ameghiniana 31:73–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Lelij R, Spikings R, Ulianov A et al (2016) Palaeozoic to Early Jurassic history of the northwestern corner of Gondwana, and implications for the evolution of the Iapetus, Rheic and Pacific Oceans. Gondwana Res 31:271–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Viramonte J, Becchio R, Viramonte JG et al (2007) Ordovician igneous and metamorphic units in southeastern Puna: new U-Pb and Sm–Nd data and implications for the evolution of northwestern Argentina. J S Am Earth Sci 24:167–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker RG (1984) Turbidites and associated coarse clastic deposits. Facies Models. Geoscience 1:171–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehrmann H, Hoernle K, Garbe-Schönberg D et al (2014) Insights from trace element geochemistry as to the roles of subduction zone geometry and subduction input on the chemistry of arc magmas. Int J Earth Sci 103:1929–1944

    Google Scholar 

  • Weimer P, Link M (1991) Seismic facies and sedimentary processes of submarine fans and turbidite systems. Springer, New York, p 447

    Google Scholar 

  • White JDL (2000) Subaqueous eruption-fed density currents and their deposits. Precambr Res 101:87–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Yagi M, Ohguch T, Akiba F et al (2009) The Fukuyama volcanic rocks: Submarine composite volcano in the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene Akita-Yamagata back-arc basin, northeast Honshu, Japan. Sed Geol 220:243–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Yincan Y (2017) Submarine turbidity current. Marine geo-hazards in China. Elsevier, Oxford, p 772

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann U, Balhburg H (2006) The Lower Ordovician Diablo formation (nom. nov.) in the southern Puna (NW Argentina): link between the northern Puna and the Sierra Famatina. Serie Correlación Geológica 21:171–196

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET)—PIP N° 5115, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (CIUNT) 26/G410, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCYT) PICT 7-8724 and Universidad Nacional de Jujuy (SECTER UNJu) 08/E015 Project. Our gratitude to Christoph Breitkreuz and an anonymous reviewer for their very intense work and valuable comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Clara Eugenia Cisterna.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cisterna, C.E., Coira, B. Ordovician submarine to subaerial volcanism along the western Gondwana margin: records of the Famatinian belt evolution, north-western Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 111, 675–701 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-02141-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-02141-6

Keywords

Navigation