Abstract
Quartz c-axis fabrics, finite strain, and kinematic vorticity number analyses were used to investigate deformation characteristics of the Tutak gneiss dome located in the eastern edge of the basement-involved Zagros hinterland fold-and-thrust belt. The opening angle of the quartz c-axis fabric patterns was used to estimate deformation temperatures, which suggest greenschist-to-amphibolite-facies conditions (430 ± 50 °C to 660 ± 50 °C). The kinematic vorticity number varies from 0.6 to 0.95 (mean kinematic vorticity number of 0.81), which indicates that the metamorphic rocks of the Tutak gneiss dome experienced a sub-simple shear regime by contribution of both pure shear (39%) and simple shear (61%) deformation components. NW–SE-striking foliations have commonly SW and NE dips accompanied by mostly NW–SE-plunging and subordinate NE–SW-plunging-stretching lineations. These indicate more extension along the NW–SE trend to produce a prolate elliptical wedge shape in map view. Structural and vorticity analysis suggests that the Tutak gneiss dome has experienced earlier dome formation followed by thrust stacking rather than the two deformations occurring synchronously, and a protracted progressive deformation through a decreasing temperature regime.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alavi M (1994) Tectonics of the Zagros Orogenic belt of Iran: new data and interpretations. Tectonophysics 229:211–238
Alavi M (2007) Structures of the Zagros fold-thrust belt in Iran. Am J Sci 307:1064–1095
Alizadeh A, Lopez Martınez M, Sarkarinejad K (2010) 40Ar–39Ar geochronology in a core complex within the Zagros Orogenic Belt. CR Geosci 342:837–846
Alric G, Virlogeux D (1977) Petrographic et geochimiie de roches metamorphiques et magmatiqus de la region de Deh-Bid-Bawanat. These 3eme cycle, Gerenoble
Bailey CM, Francis BE, Fahrney EE (2004) Strain and vorticity analysis of transpressional high-strain zones from the Virginia Piedmont, USA. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 224(1):249–264
Baldim MR, Oliveira EP (2016) Anatomy of the Alto Alegre gneiss dome, São Francisco Craton, Brazil: a geological record of transpression along a Palaeoproterozoic arc-continent collision zone. Precambr Res 286:250–268
Bobyarchick AR (1986) The eigenvalues of steady flow in Mohr space. Tectonophysics 122:35–51
Cao S, Neubauer F, Bernroider M, Liu J, Genser J (2013a) Structures, microfabrics and textures of the Cordilleran-type Rechnitz metamorphic core complex, Eastern Alps. Tectonophysics 608:1201–1225
Cao S, Neubauer F, Bernroider M, Liu J (2013b) The lateral boundary of a metamorphic core complex: the Moutsounas shear zone on Naxos, Cyclades, Greece. J Struct Geol 54:103–128
Corbett GJ, Leach TM (1998) Southwest Pacific Rim gold-copper systems: structure, alteration, and mineralization (no. 6). Society of Economic Geologists, Boulder
Erslev EA, Ge H (1990) Least-squares center-to-center and mean object ellipse fabric analysis. J Struct Geol 12(8):1047–1059
Faghih A, Sarkarinejad K (2012) Kinematics of rock flow and fabrics development associated with shear deformation within the Zagros transpression zone, Iran. Geol Mag 148:1009–1017
Faghih A, Soleimani M (2015) Quartz c-axis fabric development associated with shear deformation along an extensional detachment shear zone: chapedony Metamorphic Core Complex, Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. J Struct Geol 70:1–11
Faleiros FM, Moraes R, Pavan M, Campanha GAC (2016) A new empirical calibration of the quartz c-axis fabric opening-angle deformation thermometer. Tectonophysics 671:173–182
Fazio E, Punturo R, Cirrincione R, Kern H, Pezzino A, Wenk HR et al (2016) Quartz preferred orientation in naturally deformed mylonites (Montalto shear zone—Italy): a comparison of results by different techniques, their advantages and limitations. Int J Earth Sci 106:1–20
Forte AM, Bailey CM (2007) Testing the utility of the porphyroclast hyperbolic distribution method of kinematic vorticity analysis. J Struct Geol 29(6):983–1001
Fossen H, Tikoff B (1993) The deformation matrix for simultaneous simple shearing, pure shearing and volume change, and its application to transpression—transtension tectonics. J Struct Geol 15:413–422
Fossen H, Tikoff B (1998) Extended models of transpression and transtension, and application to tectonic settings. In: Holdsworth RE, Strachan RA, Dewey JF (eds) Continental transpressional and transtensional tectonics, vol 135. Geological Society London, Special Publications, London, pp 15–33
Ghosh SK, Ramberg H (1976) Reorientation of inclusions by combination of pure shear and simple shear. Tectonophysics 34:1–70
Godin L, Grujic D, Law RD, Searle MP (2006) Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones: an introduction. In: Law RD, Searle MP, Godin L (eds) Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones, vol 268. Geological Society London, Special Publications, London, pp 1–23
Halfpenny A, Prior DJ, Wheeler J (2012) Electron backscatter diffraction analysis to determine the mechanisms that operated during dynamic recrystallization of quartz rich rocks. J Struct Geol 36:2–15
Heller JP (1960) An unmixing demonstration. Am J Phys 28:348–353
Horton F, Lee J, Hacker B, Bowman-Kamaha’o M, Cosca M (2015) Himalayan core complex formation in the middle crust and exhumation by normal faulting: New geochronology of Gianbul dome, northwestern India. Bulletin 127(1–2):162–180
Hoshmand zadeh A, Soheili M, Hamdi B (1990) Eqlid geological map 1: 250000, No. G10, Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran (in Persian)
Jessup MJ, Law RD, Frassi C (2007) The rigid grain net (RGN): an alternative method for estimating mean kinematic vorticity number (Wm). J Struct Geol 29:411–421
Johnson SE, Lenferink HJ, Marsh JH, Price NA, Koons PO, West DP Jr (2009) Kinematic vorticity analysis and evolving strength of mylonitic shear zones: new data and numerical results. Geology 37(12):1075–1078
Kruhl JH (1996) Prism- and basal-plane parallel subgrain boundaries in quartz; a microstructural geothermobarometer. J Metamorph Geol 14:581–589
Kruhl JH (1998) Reply: prism- and basal-plane parallel subgrain boundaries in quartz: a microstructural geothermobarometer. J Metamorph Geol 14:581–589
Law RD (1990) Crystallographic fabrics. A selective review of their applications to research in structural geology. In: Knipe RJ, Rutter EH (eds) Deformation mechanisms, rheology and tectonics, vol 54. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, London, pp 335–352
Law RD (2014) Deformation thermometry based on quartz c-axis fabrics and recrystallization microstructures: a review. J Struct Geol 66:129–161
Law RD, Searle MP, Simpson RL (2004) Strain, deformation temperatures and vorticity of flow at the top of the Greater Himalayan Slab, Everest Massif, Tibet. J Geol Soc 161:305–320
Law RD, Searle MP, Godin L (eds) (2006) Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones, vol 268. Geological Society of London Special Publication, London, p 620
Law RD, Stahr DW, Francsis MK, Ashley KT, Grasemann B, Ahmad T (2013) Deformation temperatures and flow vorticities near the base of the Greater Himalayan Series, Sutlej Valley and Shimla Klippe, NW India. J Struct Geol 54:21–53
Lister GS, Dornsiepen UF (1982) Fabric transitions in the Saxony granulite terrain. J Struct Geol 4:81–92
Lister GS, Hobbs BE (1980) The simulation of fabric development during plastic deformation and its application to quartzite: the influence of deformation history. J Struct Geol 2:355–370
Little TA, Hacker BR, Brownlee SJ, Seward G (2013) Microstructures and quartz lattice preferred orientations in the eclogite-bearing migmatic gneisses of the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 14:2030–2062
Mancktelow NS (1995) Nonlithostatic pressure during sediment subduction and the development and exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 100(B1):571–583
Marques FO, Coelho S (2003) 2D shape preferred orientations of rigid particles in transtensional viscous flow. J Struct Geol 25:841–854
Marques FO, Schmid DW, Andersen TB (2007) Applications of inclusion behavior models to a major shear zone system: the Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment Zone in western Norway. J Struct Geol 29:1622–1631
Mitra S (1986) Duplex structures and imbricate thrust systems: geometry, structural position, and hydrocarbon potential. Am AssocPetrol Geol 70(9):1087–1112
Mohajjel M, Fergusson CL, Sahandi MR (2003) Cretaceous-Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, western Iran. J Asian Earth Sci 21(4):397–412
Morgan SS, Law RD (2004) Unusual transition in quartzite dislocation creep regimes and crystal slip systems in the aureole of the EJB pluton, California: a case for anhydrous conditions created by decarbonation reactions. Tectonophysics 384:209–231
Mousivand F (2003) Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of copper mineralization in the Sourian volcano–sedimentary complex, Bavanat area, Fars Province. Unpublished, MS Thesis, p 300
Mousivand F, Rastad E, Meffre S, Peter JM, Mohajjel M, Emami MH (2012) Age and tectonic setting of the Bavanat Besshi-type Cu–Zn–Ag deposit, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, Southern Iran. Mineral Depos 47:911–931
Mukherjee S (2011) Mineral Fish: their morphological classification, usefulness as shear sense indicators and genesis. Int J Earth Sci 100:1303–1314
Mukherjee S (2012) Simple shear is not so simple! Kinematics and shear senses in Newtonian viscous simple shear zones. Geol Mag 149:819–826
Mukherjee S (2013) Deformation microstructures in rocks. Springer Geochemistry/Mineralogy, Berlin, pp 1–111
Mukherjee S (2014) Atlas of shear zone structures in meso-scale. Springer Geology, Cham, pp 1–124
Mukherjee S (2015) Atlas of structural geology. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Okudaira T, Takeshita T, Hara I, Ando J (1995) A new estimate of the conditions for transition from basal < a > to prism [c] slip in naturally deformed quartz. Tectonophysics 250:31–46
Partabian A, Nourbakhsh A, Sarkarinejad K (2018) Folded radiolarite unit as a kinematic indicator of the Zagros collision processes, Southwestern Iran. J Earth Sci 29(1):210–222
Passchier CW (1987) Stable positions of rigid objects in non-coaxial flow a study in vorticity analysis. J Struct Geol 9:679–690
Passchier CW (1988) The use of Mohr circles to describe non-coaxial progressive deformation. Tectonophysics 149:323–338
Passchier CW, Trouw RAJ (2005) Microtectonics. Springer, Berlin
Platt JP, Behrmann JH (1986) Structures and fabrics in a crustal-scale shear zone, Betic Cordillera, SE Spain. J Struct Geol 8(1):15–33
Rey PF, Teyssier C, Whitney DL (2009) Extension rates, crustal melting, and core complex dynamics. Geology 37(5):391–394
Rey PF, Teyssier C, Kruckenberg SC, Whitney DL (2011) Viscous collision in channel explains double domes in metamorphic core complexes. Geology 39(4):387–390
Samani B (2013) Quartz c-axis evidence for deformation characteristics in the Sanandaj-Sirjan HP-LT metamorphic belt, Iran. J Afr Earth Sci 81:28–34
Sarkarinejad K, Alizadeh A (2009) Dynamic model for the exhumation of the Tutak gneiss dome within a bivergent wedge in the Zagros Thrust System of Iran. J Geodyn 47(4):201–209
Sarkarinejad K, Azizi A (2008) Slip partitioning and inclined dextral transpression along the Zagros Thrust System, Iran. J Struct Geol 30:116–136
Sarkarinejad K, Ghanbarian MA (2014) The Zagros hinterland fold-and-thrust belt in-sequence thrusting, Iran. J Asian Earth Sci 85:66–79
Sarkarinejad K, Derikvand S (2016) Structural and kinematic analyses of the basement window within the hinterland fold-and-thrust belt of the Zagros orogen. Iran. Geol Mag 154(5):983–1000
Sarkarinejad K, Goftari F (2019) Thick-skinned and thin-skinned tectonics of the Zagros orogen, Iran: constraints from structural, microstructural and kinematics analyses. J Asian Earth Sci 170:249–273
Sarkarinejad K, Faghih A, Grasemann B (2008) Transpressional deformations within the Sanandaj-Sirjan HP-LT metamorphic belt (Zagros Mountains, Iran). J Struct Geol 30:818–826
Schmid SM, Casey M (1986) Complete fabric analysis of some commonly observed quartz c-axis patterns. Miner Rock Deform Lab Stud Paterson 36:263–286
Searle MP, Law RD, Jessup MJ (2006) Crustal structure, restoration and evolution of the Greater Himalaya in Nepal-South Tibet: implications for channel flow and ductile extrusion of the middle crust. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 268(1):355–378
Sherkati S, Letouzey J (2004) Variation of structural style and basin evolution in the central Zagros (Izeh zone and Dezful Embayment), Iran. Mar Pet Geol 21:535–554
Shoorangiz M, Sarkarinejad K, Dehsarvi LH (2019) Structural characteristic of a thrust system related gneiss dome of the Zagros hinterland-fold-and-thrust belt: the Sourian and Tutak metamorphic complexes, SW Iran. J Afr Earth Sc 151:337–350
Simpson C, De Paor DG (1997) Practical analysis of general shear zones using the porphyroclast hyperbolic distribution method: an example from the Scandinavian Caledonides. In: Sengupta S (ed) Evolution of geological structures in micro- to macro-scales. Springer, Berlin, pp 169–184
Singleton JS, Musher S (2012) Mylonitization in the lower plate of the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault, west-central Arizona: implications for the geometric evolution of metamorphic core complexes. J Struct Geol 39:180–198
Sutera SP, Skalak R (1993) The history of Poiseuille’s law. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 25:1–19
Truesdell C (1954) The kinematics of vorticity, vol 954. Indiana University Press, Bloomington
Tullis JA, Christie JM, Griggs DT (1973) Microstructures and preferred orientations of experimentally deformed quartzites. Geol Soc Am Bull 84:297–314
Turcotte DL, Schubert G (1982) Geodynamics: applications of continuum physics to geological problems. Wiley, New York, p 450
Turcotte D, Schubert G (2014) Geodynamics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Wagner T, Lee J, Hacker BR, Seward G (2010) Kinematics and vorticity in Kangmar Dome, southern Tibet: testing mid-crustal channel-flow models for the Himalaya. Tectonics 29:1–26
Wallis SR (1995) Vorticity analysis and recognition of ductile extension in the Sanbagawa Belt, SW Japan. J Struct Geol 17:1077–1093
Wang Y, Zhang Y, Fan W, Peng T (2005) Structural signatures and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Indosinian Xuefengshan tectonic belt, South China block. J Struct Geol 27(6):985–998
Whitney DL, Teyssier C, Vanderhaeghe O (2004) Core complexes and crustal flow. Core Compl Orogeny 380:15
Xypolias P (2010) Some new aspects of kinematic vorticity analysis in naturally deformed quartzites. J Struct Geol 31:3–10
Xypolias P, Doutsos T (2000) Kinematics of rock flow in a crustal-scale shear zone: implications for the orogenic evolution of the southwestern Hellenides. Geol Mag 137:81–96
Zhu G, Xie C, Chen C, Xian B, Hu Z (2010) Evolution of the Hongzhen metamorphic core complex: evidence for Early Cretaceous extension in the eastern Yangtze craton, eastern China. Geol Soc Am Bull 122:506–516
Zucali M, Voltolini M, Ouladdiaf B, Mancini L, Chateigner D (2014) The 3D quantitative lattice and shape preferred orientation of a mylonitised metagranite from Monte Rosa (Western Alps): combining neutron diffraction texture analysis and synchrotron X-ray microtomography. J Struct Geol 63:91–105
Acknowledgements
This work is part of a Ph.D. thesis undertaken by Mina Shoorangiz at the Department of Earth Sciences, Shiraz University, Iran. Authors would like to thank the editor Prof. Wolf-Christian Dullo for his editorial authority. Also, we gratefully acknowledge constructive Dr. Alan Boyle (University of Liverpool) and Dr. Eugenio Fazio (University of Catania) by the reviewer, which helped to considerably improve the scientific content and presentation of the manuscript. The Research Council of the Shiraz University (RCSU) has supported this study, which is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shoorangiz, M., Sarkarinejad, K., Nourbakhsh, A. et al. Tectonic implication of quantitative micro-fabric analyses of quartz c-axis development within the Tutak gneiss dome, Zagros hinterland fold-and-thrust belt. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 109, 127–144 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-019-01793-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-019-01793-9