Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lateral extrusion of a thermally weakened pluton overburden (Campiglia Marittima, Tuscany)

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The ascent and emplacement of magmas in the upper crust modify the local pre-existing thermal and rheological settings. Such changes have important effects in producing anomalous structures, mass extrusion, rock fracturing, and in some conditions, hydrothermal mineralizations. In the Campiglia Marittima area, detailed field mapping led to the reconstruction of a local deformation history that overlaps, chronologically and spatially, with regional extension. This local deformation was triggered at the Miocene–Pliocene boundary by the intrusion of a monzogranitic pluton beneath a carbonate sedimentary sequence. The emplacement of the pluton produced a perturbation in the rheological behaviour of the carbonate host rocks, producing transient ductile conditions in the very shallow crust. The carbonate rocks were thermally weakened and flowed laterally, accumulating downslope of the pluton roof, mainly toward the east. As the thermal anomaly was decaying, the brittle–ductile boundary moved progressively back towards the pluton, and large tension gash-shaped volumes of fractured marble were generated. These fractured volumes were exploited by rising hydrothermal fluids generating sigmoidal skarn bodies and ore shoots. This work presents the Campiglia Marittima case study as a prime example of structural interference between regional extensional structures and local, lateral mass extrusion in a transient ductile rheological regime triggered by pluton emplacement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acocella V, Rossetti F, Faccenna C, Funiciello R, Lazzarotto A (2000) Strike-slip faulting and pluton emplacement in Southern Tuscany: the Campiglia Marittima case. Boll Soc Geol Ital 119:517–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Aquater SpA (1994) Area Campigliese, Convenzione Ministero Industria, Commercio e Artigianato—ENI. Relazione conclusiva sui lavori svolti. Internal report, p. 111

  • Barberi F, Innocenti F, Mazzuoli R (1967) Contributo alla conoscenza chimico-petrografica e magmatologica delle rocce intrusive, vulcaniche e filoniane del Campigliese (Toscana). Mem Soc Geol Ital 6:643–681

    Google Scholar 

  • Batini F, Brogi A, Lazzarotto A, Liotta D, Pandeli E (2003) Geological features of Larderello-Travale and Mt. Amiata geothermal areas (southern Tuscany, Italy). Episodes 26:239–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernoulli D (2001) Mesozoic-tertiary carbonate platforms, slopes and basins of the external appennines and Sicily. In: Vai F, Martini IP (eds) Anatomy of an orogen: the Appennines and Adjacent Mediterranean Basins, pp 307–326. doi: 10.1007/978-94-015-9829-3_18

  • Borsi S, Ferrara G, Tongiorgi E (1967) Determinazione con il metodo K/Ar delle età delle rocce magmatiche della Toscana. Boll Soc Geol Ital 86:403–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Brogi A (2016) Influence of syn-sedimentary faults on orogenic structures in a collisional belt: Insights from the inner zone of the Northern Apennines (Italy). J Struct Geol 86:75–94. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2016.03.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brogi A, Cerboneschi A (2007) Upper crust “boudinage” during post-collisional Miocene extension in Tuscany: insights from the southern part of the Larderello geothermal area (Northern Apennines, Italy). Geodin Acta 20:327–351. doi:10.3166/ga.20.327-351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brogi A, Fulignati P (2012) Tectonic control on hydrothermal circulation and fluid evolution in the Pietratonda–Poggio Peloso (southern Tuscany, Italy) carbonate-hosted Sb-mineralization. Ore Geol Rev 44:158–171. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.11.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brogi A, Liotta D (2008) Highly extended terrains, lateral segmetation of the substratum and basin development: the middle-late Miocene Radicondoli Basin (inner northern Apennines, Italy). Tectonics. doi:10.1029/2007TC002188

    Google Scholar 

  • Brogi A, Cernoboneschi A, Lazzarotto A (2005) Geometry, stacking pattern and deformation timing of imbricate thrust-sheets within the Tuscan Nappe in the Travale area (Larderello geothermal area, Italy). Boll Soc Geol Ital volume speciale 3:73–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Brogi A, Liotta D, Meccheri M, Fabbrini L (2010) Transtensional shear zones controlling volcanic eruptions: the Middle Pleistocene Mt Amiata volcano (inner Northern Apennines, Italy). Terra Nova 22:137–146. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2010.00927.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brogi A, Fabbrini L, Liotta D (2011) Sb–Hg ore deposit distribution controlled by brittle structures: The case of the Selvena mining district (Monte Amiata, Tuscany, Italy). Ore Geol Rev 41:35–48. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.06.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brogi A, Capezzuoli E, Martini I, Picozzi M, Sandrelli F (2014) Late Quaternay tectonics in the inner Northern Apennines (Siena Basin, southern Tuscany, Italy) and their seismotectonic implication. J Geodyn 76:25–45. doi:10.1016/j.jog.2014.03.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caggianelli A, Ranalli G, Lavecchia A, Liotta D, Dini A (2014) Post-emplacement thermo-rheological history of a granite intrusion and surrounding rocks: the Monte Capanne pluton, Elba Island, Italy. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 394:129–143. doi:10.1144/sp394.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capitani GC, Mellini M (2000) The crystallisation sequence of the Campiglia Marittima skarn. Neues Jb Miner Monat 3:97–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmignani L, Decandia FA, Fantozzi PL, Lazzarotto A, Liotta D, Meccheri M (1994) Tertiary extensional tectonics in Tuscany (Northern Apennines, Italy). Tectonophysics 238:295–315. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(94)90061-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmignani L, Decandia FA, Disperati L, Fantozzi PL, Kligfield R, Lazzarotto A, Liotta D, Meccheri M (2001) Inner Northern Apennines. In: Vai F, Martini IP (eds), Anatomy of an orogen: the Appennines and Adjacent Mediterranean Basins, pp 77–104. doi: 10.1007/978-94-015-9829-3_14

  • Cerrina Feroni A (2007a) Carta Geologica della Regione Toscana alla scala 1:10000, Sezione 305080, Sassetta. CNR-Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Regione Toscana

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerrina Feroni A (2007b) Carta Geologica della Regione Toscana alla scala 1:10000, Sezione 305120, Campiglia Marittima. CNR-Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Regione Toscana

    Google Scholar 

  • Corsini F, Cortecci G, Leone G, Tanelli G (1980) Sulfur isotope study of the skarn-(Cu–Pb–Zn) sulfide deposit of Valle del Temperino, Campiglia Marittima, Tuscany, Italy. Econ Geol 75:83–96. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.75.1.83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Da Mommio A, Iaccarino S, Vezzoni S, Dini A, Rocchi S, Brocchini D, Guideri S, Sbrilli L (2010) Valorizzazione del geosito “Sezione Coquand”, Miniera del Temperino (Parco Archeominerario di San Silvestro Campiglia). Atti Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie, Serie A 115:55–72

    Google Scholar 

  • De Bresser JHP, Urai JL, Olgaard DL (2005) Effect of water on the strength and microstructure of Carrara Marble axially compressed at high temperature. J Struct Geol 27:265–281. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2004.10.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decandia FA, Lazzarotto A, Liotta D (2001) Structural feature of Southern Tuscany, Italy. Ofioliti 26:287–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Delle Piane C, Burlini L, Kunze K, Brack P, Burg JP (2008) Rheology of dolomite: large strain torsion experiments and natural examples. J Struct Geol 30:767–776. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2008.02.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dini A, Mazzarini F, Musumeci G, Rocchi S (2008a) Multiple hydro-fracturing by boron-rich fluids in the Late Miocene contact aureole of eastern Elba Island (Tuscany, Italy). Terra Nova 20:318–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dini A, Westerman DS, Innocenti F, Rocchi S (2008b) Magma emplacement in a transfer zone: the Miocene mafic Orano dyke swarm of Elba Island, Tuscany, Italy. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 302:131–148. doi:10.1144/sp302.10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ducoux M, Branquet Y, Jolivet L, Arbaret L, Grasemann B, Rabillard A, Gumiaux C, Drufin S (2016) Synkinematic skarns and fluid drainage along detachments: The West Cycladic Detachment System on Serifos Island (Cyclades, Greece) and its related mineralization. Tectonophysics 660:17–34. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.12.008

    Google Scholar 

  • Duranti S, Palmeri R, Pertusati PC, Ricci CA (1992) Geological evolution and metamorphic petrology of the basal sequences of eastern Elba (complex II). Acta Vulcanol 2:213–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldstein SN, Halliday AN, Davies GR, Hall CM (1994) Isotope and chemical microsampling: constraints on the history of an S-type rhyolite, San Vincenzo, Tuscany, Italy. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 58:943–958. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90517-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrara G, Petrini R, Serri G, Tonarini S (1989) Petrology and isotope-geochemistry of San Vincenzo rhyolites (Tuscany, Italy). B Volcanol 51:379–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer GJ, Paterson MS (1989) Dilatancy during rock deformation at high temperatures and pressures. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 94:17607–17617. doi:10.1029/JB094iB12p17607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franceschini F, Innocenti F, Marsi A, Tamponi M, Serri G (2000) Petrography and chemistry of the buried Pliocene Castel di Pietra pluton (Southern Tuscany, Italy). Neues Jahrb Geol P A 215:17–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giannini E (1955) Geologia dei monti di Campiglia Marittima (Livorno). Boll Soc Geol Ital 74:219–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Grassi S, Squarci P, Celati R, Calore C, Perusini P, Taffi L (1990) Nuove conoscenze sul sistema idrotermale di Campiglia Marittima (Livorno). Boll Soc Geol Ital 109:693–706

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacker DB, Biek RF, Rowley PD (2014) Catastrophic emplacement of the gigantic Markagunt gravity slide, southwest Utah (USA): implications for hazards associated with sector collapse of volcanic fields. Geology 42:943–946. doi:10.1130/g35896.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Innocenti F, Serri G, Ferrara G, Manetti P, Tonarini S (1992) Genesis and classification of the rocks of the Tuscan Magmatic Province: thirty years after Marinelli’s model. Acta Vulcanol 2:247–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Lattanzi P, Benvenuti M, Costagliola P, Maineri C, Mascaro I, Tanelli G, Dini A, Ruggieri G (2001) Magmatic versus hydrothermal processes in the formation of raw ceramic material deposits in southern Tuscany. Water–Rock interaction, pp 725–728

  • Leoni L, Tamponi M (1991) Thermometamorphism in the Campiglia Marittima aureole (Tuscany, Italy). Neues Jb Miner Monat 4:145–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Liotta D, Brogi A, Meccheri M, Dini A, Bianco C, Ruggieri G (2015) Coexistece of low-angle normal and high-angle strike-to oblique-slip faults during Late Miocene mineralization in eastern Elba Island (Italy). Tectonophysics 660:17–34. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2015.06.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Walter JM, Weber K (2002) Fluid-enhanced low-temperature plasticity of calcite marble: microstructures and mechanisms. Geology 30:787–790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzarini F, Musumeci G, Cruden AR (2011) Vein development during folding in the upper brittle crust: The case of tourmaline-rich veins of eastern Elba Island, northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. J Struct Geol 33:1509–1522. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2011.07.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merle O, Vendeville B (1995) Experimental modelling of thin-skinned shortening around magmatic intrusions. B Volcanol 57:33–43. doi:10.1007/BF00298705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molli G (2008) Northern Apennine–Corsica orogenic system: an updated overview. In: Siegesmund S, Fügenschuh B, Froitheim N (eds) Tectonic aspects of the alpine-dinaride-carpathian system, vol 298. Geological Society of London Special Publication, pp 413–442. doi:10.1144/sp298.19

  • Piana Agostinetti N, Amato A (2009) Moho depth and Vp/Vs ratio in peninsular Italy from teleseismic receiver functions. J Geophys Res 114:B06303. doi:10.1029/2008JB005899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Platt JP (2007) From orogenic hinterlands to Mediterranean-style back-arc basins: a comparative analysis. J Geol Soc Lond 164:297–311. doi:10.1144/0016-76492006-093

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridolfi F, Braga R, Cesare B, Renzulli A, Perugini D, Del Moro S (2015) Unravelling the complex interaction between mantle and crustal magmas encoded in the lavas of San Vincenzo (Tuscany, Italy). Part I: petrography and thermobarometry. Lithos 244:218–232. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2015.09.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossetti F, Faccenna C, Jolivet L, Funiciello R, Tecce F, Brunet C (1999) Syn-versus post-orogenic extension: the case study of Giglio Island (Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Tectonophysics 304:71–93. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00304-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossetti F, Faccenna C, Acocella V, Funiciello R, Jolivet L, Salvini F (2000) Pluton emplacement in the Northern Tyrrhenian area, Italy. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 174:55–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossetti F, Faccenna C, Funiciello R, Pascucci V, Pietrini M, Sandrelli F (2001) Neogene strike-slip faulting and pluton emplacement in the colline metallifere region (Southern Tuscany, Italy): the Gavorrano-Capanne Vecchie area. Boll Soc Geol Ital 120:15–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossetti F, Tecce F, Billi A, Brilli M (2007) Patterns of fluid flow in the contact aureole of the Late Miocene Monte Capanne pluton (Elba Island, Italy): the role of structures and rheology. Contrib Mineral Petr 153:743–760. doi:10.1007/S00410-006-0175-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossetti F, Balsamo F, Villa IM, Bouybaouenne M, Faccenna C, Funiciello R (2008) Pliocene-Pleistocene HT-LP metamorphism during multiple granitic intrusions in the southern branch of the Larderello geothermal field (southern Tuscany, Italy). J Geol Soc London 165:247–262. doi:10.1144/0016-76492006-132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samim SpA (1983a) Nota conclusiva sulle ricerche nella miniera di Campiglia Marittima (Zn–Pb–Cu)—(Toscana). Internal report, p. 36

  • Samim SpA (1983b) Note di commento ai sondaggi di Monte Spinosa. Internal report, p. 15

  • Serri G, Innocenti F, Manetti P (1993) Geochemical and petrological evidence of the subduction of delaminated Adriatic continental lithosphere in the genesis of the Neogene-Quaternary magmatism of central Italy. Tectonophysics 223:117–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serri G, Innocenti F, Manetti P (2001) Magmatism from Mesozoic to Present: petrogenesis, time-space distribution and geodynamic implications. In: Vai F, Martini IP (eds), Anatomy of an orogen: the Appennines and Adjacent Mediterranean Basins, pp 77–104. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90161-C

  • Stella A (1938) Nuovi studi sul giacimento di stagno del Campigliese. Atti dell’Accademica Nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti classe Scienze Fisiche. Matematiche e Naturali 27:506–513

    Google Scholar 

  • Stella A (1955) La miniera di stagno di Monte Valerio e i giacimenti del Campigliese nel quadro della catena metallifera toscana. Boll Soc Geol Ital 74:109–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanelli G (1983) Mineralizzazioni metallifere e minerogenesi della Toscana. Mem Soc Geol Ital 25:91–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevisan L (1950) L’Elba orientale e la sua tettonica di scivolamento per gravità. Memorie dell’Istituto Geologico dell’Università di Padova 16:1–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Vezzoni S, Dini A, Rocchi S (2016) Reverse telescoping in a distal skarn system (Campiglia Marittima, Italy). Ore Geol Rev 77:176–193. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.03.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh JJ, Bailey WR, Childs C, Nicol A, Bonson CG (2003) Formation of segmented normal faults: a 3-D perspective. J Struct Geol 25:1251–1262. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00161-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westerman DS, Dini A, Innocenti F, Rocchi S (2004) Rise and fall of a nested Christmas-tree laccolith complex, Elba Island, Italy. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 234:195–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson G (1952) Ptygmatic Structures and their Formation. Geol Mag 89:1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work has been partly carried out as part of the Ph.D of SV, in the framework of the Ph.D program of the Galileo Galilei School, University of Pisa, with the support of the Project PRA_2016_33, P.I. SR. Thanks to Luca Tinagli, Marco Pistolesi and Angiolo Fedeli for their help during field surveys. We also thank the Parchi Val di Cornia S.p.A. for granting access and sampling in the mining park area. The paper greatly benefited from the constructive criticism of the two reviewers Andrea Brogi and David Westerman.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Via Santa Maria, 53, Pisa, Italy

    Simone Vezzoni & Sergio Rocchi

  2. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Via Moruzzi, 1, Pisa, Italy

    Andrea Dini

Authors
  1. Simone Vezzoni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sergio Rocchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Andrea Dini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simone Vezzoni.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vezzoni, S., Rocchi, S. & Dini, A. Lateral extrusion of a thermally weakened pluton overburden (Campiglia Marittima, Tuscany). Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 107, 1343–1355 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-017-1539-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-017-1539-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation