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Origins of Early Mesozoic granitoids and their enclaves from West Kunlun, NW China: implications for evolving magmatism related to closure of the Paleo-Tethys ocean

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Abstract

Early Mesozoic granitoids and microgranular enclaves (MEs) are widespread in the West Kunkun, northwestern Tibetan plateau, and record the tectonic evolution of Eurasia–Tethys in this area. This study reports geochemistry, zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic data for a suite of granitoids and their MEs from the Middle Triassic Bulunkou pluton (BP) and the Late Triassic Akazishan pluton (AP) from the West Kunlun. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon dating of a sample from the BP host monzogranite and an enclave, as well as a AP monzogranite, yielded ages of 236 ± 2, 230 ± 7 and 208 ± 1 Ma, respectively. The BP monzogranite and its enclaves from the northwestern part of the West Kunlun are mainly weakly peraluminous granites characterised by relatively high Rb, Th, Rb/Sr (2.64–9.03) and HREE contents, and low Mg#, Sr/Y and negative Eu anomalies. Zircons from the BP monzogranite have εHf(t) values from −5.7 to −1.6. Zircons from enclaves of the BP show more variable εHf(t) values from −4.1 to 3.8. We consider that the BP granites are likely to have been formed by partial melting of metasedimentary rocks at shallow crustal depth, and their enclaves, composed of quartz + biotite + plagioclase + garnet + K-feldspar, are relics from the melting of a source at middle crustal depths. The AP host and its enclaves from the southeastern part of the West Kunlun have low Rb, Rb/Sr (0.15–1.90) and weakly negative Eu anomalies but high HREE contents indicating limited fractionation of plagioclase without residual garnet in their source. The inferred protolith is an intermediate igneous rock in the middle or lower crust. MEs hosted in the AP have high Mg# (39.7–45.0) and Nb and weakly negative Eu anomalies, as well as high Sr, P and Ti, corresponding to a medium-K basaltic rock, which may have originated from mixing of partial melting of metasomatised mantle wedge that has been modified by upwelling asthenospheric mantle and crustal melting in the deep source. Post-collisional southeasternward younging of Mesozoic granitoids in the West Kunlun records a transition from shallow level, mid-crustal melting to deeper level, lower-crustal melting. The post-collisional granitoids show significant mantle input increasing from northwest to southeast, which was closely associated with mafic magma-driven partial melting of mantle and crustal sources as a consequence of slab break-off. Syn- to post-collisional Early Mesozoic granites emplaced along the Mazar–Kangxiwar suture zone suggest that these tectonomagmatic processes followed the closure of the Paleo-Tethys ocean during the Tarim and Karakorum–Qiangtang continental collision.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40902022), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2014KJXX-19) and China Geological Survey (Grant No. 1212010610102 and One Hundred Distinguished Young Geoscientists Program). We are grateful to Drs. Xiaoming Liu, Mengning Dai, Jianqi Wang, Ye Liu, Hujun Gong and Chunrong Diwu for their help with chemical and isotopic analyses at the Northwest University, China. Stefan Jung and two anonymous reviewers are acknowledged for their insightful and helpful comments to this contribution. Dr. Wenjiao Xiao is acknowledged for his editorial handling of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069, China

    Chao Wang, Liang Liu, Wen-Qiang Yang & Wen-Tian Liang

  2. MLR Key Laboratory of Genesis and Exploration of Magmatic Ore Deposits, Xi’an Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi’an, 710054, China

    Chao Wang, Shi-Ping He & Xiao-Hui Zhu

  3. Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain Street, East Perth, WA, 6004, Australia

    Fawna Korhonen

  4. College of Geological Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science, and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, China

    Yu-Ting Cao

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  6. Shi-Ping He
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  7. Xiao-Hui Zhu
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  8. Wen-Tian Liang
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Correspondence to Chao Wang.

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Wang, C., Liu, L., Korhonen, F. et al. Origins of Early Mesozoic granitoids and their enclaves from West Kunlun, NW China: implications for evolving magmatism related to closure of the Paleo-Tethys ocean. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 105, 941–964 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1220-0

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