Abstract
Temperature is the most important factor influencing grapevine phenology and yield. Various indices have been developed that deal with the temperature sums that grapevines are exposed to during growth and maturation. With the help of these indices, predictions are made about whether the grapes will grow in a certain region and the quality of the grapevines. In this study, the future impacts of climate change on viticultural conditions in Turkey were projected by using Huglin index (HI), Winkler index (WI), and cool night index (CI). Under the RCP8.5 scenario, HI, WI, and CI indices for the future period of 2022–2050 were calculated for Turkey at 10 km spatial resolution with the RegCM4.4 model and compared with the 1972–2000 reference period. As a result of the study, a substantial increase in CI, HI, and WI and at least one level of categorical change were observed in the climatic conditions of the next 30 years in Turkey. These categorical shifts in CI, HI, and WI indicate that there may be changes in the geographical pattern of grapevine species grown in Turkey as well as the aroma and quality.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aktürk B, Uzun Hİ (2019) Bazı sofralık üzüm çeşitlerinin Antalya’daki değişik yörelere uygunlukları ve etkili sıcaklık toplamı istekleri. Mediterranean Agri Sci 32(3):267–273
An N (2020) Agricultural decision-making in turkey from climate change perspective: a new road map for the period of 2021–2050. Dissertation, Boğaziçi University.
Andrews T, Gregory JM, Webb MJ, Taylor KE (2012) Forcing, feedbacks and climate sensitivity in CMIP5 coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models. Geophys Res Lett 39(9):L09712. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051607
Asseng S, Martre P, Maiorano A, Rötter RP, O’Leary G, Fitzgerald GJ, Girousse C, Motzo R, Giunta F, Babar MA, Reynolds MP, Kheir AM, Thorburn PJ, Waha K, Ruane AC, Aggarwal PK, Ahmed M, Balkovič J, Basso B, Biernath C, Bindi M, Cammarano D, Challinor AJ, De Sanctis G, Dumont B, Eyshi Rezaei E, Fereres E, Ferrise R, García-Vila M, Gayler S, Gao Y, Horan H, Hoogenboom G, Izaurralde RC, Jabloun M, Jones CD, Kassie B, Kersebaum KC, Klein C, Koehler A, Liu B, Minoli S, Montesino San Martin M, Müller C, Naresh Kumar S, Nendel C, Olesen JE, Palosuo T, Porter JR, Priesack E, Ripoche D, Semenov MA, Stöckle CO, Stratonovitch P, Streck T, Supit I, Tao F, van der Velde M, Wallach D, Wang E, Webber H, Wolf J, Xiao L, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Zhu Y, Ewert F (2019) Climate change impact and adaptation for wheat protein. Glob Change Biol 25:155–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14481
Avogino M, Casaccia M, Ciommi M, Ferrara M, Marchesano K (2019) Agriculture, climate change and sustainability: the case of EU-28. Ecol Indic 105:525–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.064
Badr G, Hoogenboom G, Abouali M, Moyer M, Keller M (2018) Analysis of several bioclimatic indices for viticultural zoning in the Pacific Northwest. Clim Res 76(3):203–223. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01532
Baldos UL, Hertel TW (2014) Global food security in 2050: the role of agricultural productivity and climate change. Aust J Agric Resour Econ 58(4):554–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12048
Bardin-Camparotto L, Blain GS, Júnior MJP, Hernandes JL, Cia P (2014) Climate trends in a non-traditional high quality wine producing region. Bragantia 73(3):327–334. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.0127
Beniston M, Stephenson DB, Christensen OB, Ferro CAT, Frei C, Goyette S, Halsnaes K, Holt T, Jylhä K, Koffi B, Palutikof J, Schöll R, Semmler T, Woth K (2007) Future extreme events in European climate: an exploration of regional climate model projections. Clim Change 81:71–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9226-z
Biasi R, Brunori E, Ferrara C, Salvati L (2019) Assessing impacts of climate change on phenology and quality traits of Vitis vinifera L the contribution of local knowledge. Plants 8(5):121. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8050121
Cabré MF, Quénol H, Nuñez M (2016) Regional climate change scenarios applied to viticultural zoning in Mendoza, Argentina. Int J Biometeorol 60:1325–1340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-015-1126-3
Caesar J, Palin E, Liddicoat S, Lowe J, Burke E, Pardaens A, Sanderson M, Kahana R (2013) Response of the HadGEM2 earth system model to future greenhouse gas emissions pathways to the year 2300. J Clim 26(10):3275–3284. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00577.1
Calzadilla A, Rehdanz K, Betts R, Falloon P, Wiltshire A, Tol RSJ (2013) Climate change impacts on global agriculture. Clim Change 120:357–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0822-4
Camps JO, Ramos MC (2012) Grape harvest and yield responses to inter-annual changes in temperature and precipitation in an area of north-east Spain with a Mediterranean climate. Int J Biometeorol 56(5):853–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0489-3
Cancela JJ, Trigo-Cordoba E, Martinez E, Rey BJ, Bouzas-Cid Y, Fandino M, Miras-Avalos J (2016) Effects of climate variability on irrigation scheduling in white varieties of Vitis vinifera (L.) of NW Spain. Agric Water Manag 170:99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.01.004
Cangi R, Altun MA (2015) Bazı önemli sofralık üzüm çeşitlerinin Sakarya/Taraklı ekolojisine adaptasyonu. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 8(2):35–39
Cardell MF, Amengual A, Romero R (2019) Future effects of climate change on the suitability of wine grape production across Europe. Reg Environ Change 19:2299–2310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01502-x
Çelik H, Köse B, Cangi R (2008) Determination of Fox grape genotypes (Vitis labrusca L) grown in Northeastern Anatolia. Hortic Sci 35(4):162–170
Çelik H, Çetiner H, Söylemezoğlu G, Kunter B, Çakır A (Eds.) (2005) Bazı üzüm çeşitlerinin Kalecik (Ankara) koşullarındaki fenolojik özellikleri ile etkili sicaklik toplamı (EST) isteklerinin belirlenmesi. Proceedings of 6th Türkiye Bağcılık Sempozyumu. Tarımsal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü Tekirdağ Bağcılık Araştırma Enstitüsü.
Çelik H, Ağaoğlu YS, Fidan Y, Maraşalı B, Söylemezoğlu G (1998) Genel bağcılık. Sunfidan A.Ş. Mesleki Kitaplar Serisi 1.
Clingeleffer PR (2010) Plant management research: status and what it can offer to address challenges and limitations. Aust J Grape Wine Res 16(s1):25–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2009.00075.x
Comte V, Schneider L, Calanca P, Rebetez M (2021) Effects of climate change on bioclimatic indices in vineyards along Lake Neuchatel, Switzerland. Theor Appl Climatol 147:423–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03836-1
Coombe BG (1987) Influence of temperature on composition and quality of grapes. Acta Hortic 206:23–36
Cowling RM, Rundel PW, Lamont BB, Kalin Arroyo M, Arianoutsou M (1996) Plant diversity in Mediterranean-climate regions. Trends Ecol Evol 11(9):362–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)10044-6
Demiroglu OC, Saygili-Araci FS, Pacal A, Hall CM, Kurnaz ML (2020) Future holiday climate index (HCI) performance of urban and beach destinations in the Mediterranean. Atmos 11(9):911. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090911
Eccel E, Zollo AL, Mercogliano P, Zorer R (2016) Simulations of quantitative shift in bio-climatic indices in the viticultural areas of Trentino (Italian Alps) by an open source R package. Comput Electron Agric 127:92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2016.05.019
Ergül A, Ağaoğlu YS (2001) Ülkemizde asma fidanı üretiminde kullanılan bazı Amerikan asma anaçlarının moleküler benzerlik analizi. Tarım Bilim Derg 7(2):141–143. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarimbil_0000000638
Ergül A, Marasalı B, Ağaoğlu YS (2002) Molecular discrimination and identification of some Turkish grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L) by RAPD markers. Vitis 41(3):159–160. https://doi.org/10.5073/vitis.2002.41.159-160
FAOSTAT (n.d.) Crops and livestock products. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL. Accessed 23 February 2022
Fraga H, Malheiro AC, Moutinho-Pereira J, Jones GV, Alves F, Pinto JG, Santos JA (2014) Very high resolution bioclimatic zoning of Portuguese wine regions: present and future scenarios. Reg Environ Change 14:295–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0490-y
Fraga H, Santos JA, Malheiro AC, Oliveira AA, Moutinho-Pereira J, Jones GV (2016) Climatic suitability of Portuguese grapevine varieties and climate change adaptation. Int J Climatol 36(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4325
Fraga H, Atauri GCA, Santos JA (2018) Viticultural irrigation demands under climate change scenarios in Portugal. Agric Water Manag 196:66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.10.023
Gambetta GA (2016) Water stress and grape physiology in the context of global climate change. J Wine Econ 11(1):168–180. https://doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2015.16
Garnier E, Daux V, Yiou P, de Cortazar-Atauri IG (2011) Grapevine harvest dates in Besancon (France) between 1525 and 1847: social outcomes or climatic evidence? Clim Change 104:703–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9810-0
Giorgi F (2006) Climate change hot-spots. Geophys Res Lett 33(8):L08707. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025734
Giorgi F, Coppola E, Solmon F, Mariotti L, Sylla MB, Elgunindi N, Diro GT, Nair V, Giuliani G, Turuncoglu UU, Cozzini S, Guttler I, OBrien TA, Tawfik AB, Shalaby A, Zakey AS, Steiner AL, Stordal F, Sloan LC, Brankovic C, (2012) RegCM4: model description and preliminary tests over multiple CORDEX domains. Clim Res 52:7–29. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01018
Gowdy J (2020) Our hunter-gatherer future: climate change, agriculture and uncivilization. Futures 115:102488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2019.102488
Grigg DB (1974) The agricultural systems of the world: an evolutionary approach. Cambridge University Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511665882
Hannah L, Roehrdanz PR, Ikegami M, Shepard AV, Shaw MR, Tabor G, Zhi L, Marquet PA, Hijmans RJ (2013) Climate change, wine, and conservation. PNAS USA 110(17):6907–6912. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210127110
Huglin MP (1978) Nouveau mode d’évaluation des possibilités héliothermiques d’un milieu viticole. Académie D’agriculture De France 64:1117–1126
INC (2021) Nuts & dried fruits statistical yearbook 2020 / 2021. https://www.nutfruit.org/files/tech/1621253983_INC_Statistical_Yearbook_2020-_2021.pdf
IPCC (2021) Climate change 2021: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, PiraniA, Connors SL, Péan C, Berger S, Caud N, Chen Y, Goldfarb L, Gomis MI, Huang M, Leitzell K, Lonnoy E, Matthews JBR, Maycock TK, Waterfield T, Yelekçi O, Yu R, Zhou B (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, New York. In Press
Jeřábek T, Tvrzník P, Málek Z, Fišera M, Fišerová L, Kráčmar S (2021) Relationship between climate change and wine quality in the Slovacko subregion as a support to managerial and marketing decision making. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci 10(6):e4682. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.4682
Jones GV (2012) Climate, grapes, and wine: structure and suitability in a changing climate. Acta Hortic 931:19–28
Jones GV, White MA, Cooper OR, Storchmann K (2005) Climate change and global wine quality. Clim Change 73:319–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-4704-2
Karoglan M, Telišman Prtenjak M, Šimon S, Osrečak M, Anic M, Karoglan Kontic J, Andabaka Z, Tomaz I, Grisogono B, Belušić A, Marki A, Prša Z, Omazić B, Jelić D, Večenaj Z, Vučetić V, Počakal D, Petric IV, Leder N, Prša I (2018) Classification of Croatian winegrowing regions based on bioclimatic indices. E3S Web Conf 50:01032. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185001032
Keller M (2010) Managing grapevines to optimise fruit development in a challenging environment: a climate change primer for viticulturists. Aust J Grape Wine Res 16(s1):56–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2009.00077.x
Kopali A, Libohova Z, Teqja Z, Owens PR (2021) Bioclimatic suitability for wine vineyards in Mediterranean climate - Tirana Region. Albania Eur J Hortic Sci 86(2):179–188. https://doi.org/10.17660/eJHS.2021/86.2.8
Koufos GC, Mavromatis T, Koundouras S, Fyllas NM, Jones GV (2013) Viticulture–climate relationships in Greece: the impacts of recent climate trends on harvest date variation. Int J Climatol 34(5):1445–1459. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3775
Koufos GC, Mavromatis T, Koundouras S, Jones GV (2017) Response of viticulture-related climatic indices and zoning to historical and future climate conditions in Greece. Int J Climatol 38(4):2097–2111. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5320
Küsmüş S. (2016) Malatya ilinde yetiştirilen üzüm çeşitlerinde etkili sıcaklık toplamı ve optimum hasat zamanlarının belirlenmesi. Master’s Thesis, Yüzüncü Yıl University.
Laget F, Tondut JL, Deloire A, Kelly MT (2008) Climate trends in a specific Mediterranean viticultural area between 1950 and 2006. J Int des Sci de la Vigne et du Vin 42(3):113–123. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2008.42.3.817
Lavalle C, Micale F, Durrant Houston T, Camia A, Hiederer R, Lazar C, Conte C, Amatulli G, Genovese G (2009) Climate change in Europe 3 impact on agriculture and forestry: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 29:433–446. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2008068
Lereboullet A-L, Beltrando G, Bardsley DK, Rouvellac E (2014) The viticultural system and climate change: coping with long-term trends in temperature and rainfall in Roussillon. France Reg Environ Change 14(5):1951–1966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0446-2
Lionello P, Scarascia L (2018) The relation between climate change in the Mediterranean region and global warming. Reg Environ Change 18(5):1481–1493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1290-1
Lionello P, Abrantes F, Gacic M, Planton S, Trigo R, Ulbrich U (2014) The climate of the Mediterranean region: research progress and climate change impacts. Reg Environ Change 14(5):1679–1684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0666-0
Lopes CM, Egipto R, Pedroso V, Pinto PA, Braga R, Neto M (2017) Can berry composition be explained by climatic indices? Comparing classical with new indices in the Portuguese Dão region. Acta Hortic 1157:59–64. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1157.10
Malheiro AC, Santos JA, Fraga H, Pinto JG (2010) Climate change scenarios applied to viticultural zoning in Europe. Clim Res 43(3):163–177. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00918
Malheiro AC, Santos JA, Fraga H, Pinto JG (2012) Future scenarios for viticultural climatic zoning in Iberia. Acta Hortic 931:55–61. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.931.5
Malhi GS, Kaur M, Kaushik P (2021) Impact of climate change on agriculture and ıts mitigation strategies: a review. Sustainability 13(3):1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031318
Maracchi G, Sirotenko O, Bindi M (2005) Impacts of present and future climate variability on agriculture and forestry in the temperature regions: Europe. Clim Change 70:117–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-5939-7
Menzel A (2005) A 500 year pheno-climatological view on the 2003 heatwave in Europe assessed by grape harvest dates. Meteorol Z 14:75–77. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0014-0075
Mereu V, Gallo A, Trabucco A, Carboni G, Spano D (2021) Modeling high-resolution climate change impacts on wheat and maize in Italy. Clim Risk Manag 33:100339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100339
Mesterházy I, Mészáros R, Pongrácz R, Bodor P, Ladányi M (2018) The analysis of climatic indicators using different growing season calculation methods – an application to grapevine grown in Hungary. IDŐJÁRÁS 122(3):217–235. https://doi.org/10.28974/idojaras.2018.3.1
Moral FJ, Rebollo FJ, Paniagua LL, Garcia A, de Salazar EM (2015) Application of climatic indices to analyse viticultural suitability in Extremadura, south-western Spain. Theor Appl Climatol 123:277–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1363-0
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772):853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Nelson GC, Mensbrugghe DV, Ahammad H, Blanc E, Calvin KV, Hasegawa T, Havlík P, Heyhoe E, Kyle P, Lotze-Campen H, Lampe MV, d’Croz DM, Meijl HV, Müller C, Reilly J, Robertson RD, Sands RD, Schmitz C, Tabeau A, Takahashi K, Valin H, Willenbockel D (2014) Agriculture and climate change in global scenarios: why don’t the models agree. Agric Econ 45:85–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12091
Neumann PA, Matzarakis A (2011) Viticulture in southwest Germany under climate change conditions. Clim Res 47:161–169. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01000
Olesen JE, Bindi M (2002) Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy. Eur J Agron 16(4):239–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00004-7
Omazić B, Prtenjak MT, Prša I, Vozila AB, Vučetić V, Karoglan M, Kontić JK, Prša Ž, Anić M, Šimon S, Güttler I (2020) Climate change impacts on viticulture in Croatia: viticultural zoning and future potential. Int J Climatol 40(13):5634–5655. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6541
Ozturk T, Turp MT, Türkeş M, Kurnaz ML (2018) Future projections of temperature and precipitation climatology for CORDEX-MENA domain using RegCM4.4. Atmos Res 206:87–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.02.009
Piña-Rey A, González-Fernández E, Fernández-González M, Lorenzo MN, Rodríguez-Rajo FJ (2020) Climate change impacts assessment on wine-growing bioclimatic transition areas. Agric 10(12):605. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120605
Ruml M, Vuković A, Vujadinović M, Djurdjević V, Ranković-Vasić Z, Atanacković Z, Sivčev B, Marković N, Matijašević S, Petrović N (2012) On the use of regional climate models: Implications of climate change for viticulture in Serbia. Agric for Meteorol 158–159:53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.02.004
Santos JA, Malheiro AC, Pinto JG, Jones GV (2012) Macroclimate and viticultural zoning in Europe: observed trends and atmospheric forcing. Clim Res 51(1):89–103. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01056
Santos JA, Grätsch SD, Karremann MK, Jones GV, Pinto JG (2013) Ensemble projections for wine production in the Douro Valley of Portugal. Clim Change 117:211–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0538-x
Santos M, Fonseca A, Fraga H, Jones GV, Santos JA (2019) Bioclimatic conditions of the Portuguese wine denominations of origin under changing climates. Int J Climatol 40(2):927–941. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6248
Schultz HR, Stoll M (2010) Some critical issues in environmental physiology of grapevines: future challenges and current limitations. Aust J Grape Wine Res 16(s1):4–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2009.00074.x
Silva PG, Roquero E, López-Recio M, Huerta P, Martínez-Grañaa AM (2017) Chronology of fluvial terrace sequences for large Atlantic rivers in the Iberian Peninsula (Upper Tagus and Duero drainage basins, Central Spain). Quat Sci Rev 166:188–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.05.027
Söğüt AB, Özdemir G (2015) Bazı şaraplık üzüm çeşitlerinin Diyarbakır ekolojisindeki fenolojik özellikleri ile etkili sıcaklık toplamı isteklerinin belirlenmesi. Selcuk J Agri Food Sci 27:403–412
Tonietto J, Carbonneau A (2004) A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide. Agric for Meteorol 124(1–2):81–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.06.001
Tóth J, Végvári Z (2016) The future of winegrape in Europe. Aust J Grape Wine Res 22(1):64–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12168
Trnka M, Eitzinger J, Dubrovský M, Semerádová D, Štěpánek P, Hlavinka P, Balek J, Skalak P, Farda A, Formayer H, Žalud Z (2010) Is rainfed crop production in central Europe at risk? Using a regional climate model to produce high resolution agroclimatic information for decision makers. J Agric Sci 148(6):639–656. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610000638
TURKSTAT (n.d.) Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. Accessed 4 April 2022
Underwood EC, Viers JH, Klausmeyer KR, Cox RL, Shaw MR (2009) Threats and biodiversity in the Mediterranean biome. Divers Distrib 15(2):188–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00518.x
Uzun IH, Bayır A (2010) Distribution of wild and cultivated grapes in Turkey. Not Sci Biol 2(4):83–87. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb245397
van Vuuren DP, Edmonds J, Kainuma M, Riahi K, Thomson A, Hibbard K, Hurtt GC, Kram T, Krey V, Lamarque JF, Masui T, Meinshausen M, Nakicenovic N, Smith SJ, Rose SK (2011) The representative concentration pathways: an overview. Clim Change 109:5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z
Vyshkvarkova E, Rybalko E (2021) Forecast of changes in air temperatures and heat indices in the Sevastopol region in the 21st century and their impacts on viticulture. Agron 11(5):954. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050954
Webb LB, Whetton PH, Bhend J, Darbyshire R, Briggs PR, Barlow EWR (2012) Earlier wine-grape ripening driven by climatic warming and drying and management practices. Nature Clim Change 2:259–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1417
Winkler AJ, Cook JA, Kliewer WM, Lider LA (1974) General viticulture, 4th edn. University of California Press, Berkeley
Zhao C, Liu B, Piao S, Wang X, Lobell D, Huang Y, Huang M, Yao Y, Bassu S, Ciais P, Durand JL, Elliott J, Ewert F, Janssens IA, Li T, Lin E, Liu Q, Martre P, Müller C, Peng S, Peñuelas J, Ruane AC, Wallach D, Wang T, Wu D, Liu Z, Zhu Y, Zhu Z, Asseng S (2017) Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates. PNAS USA 114(35):9326–9331. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701762114
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
An, N., Turp, M.T., Orgen, B. et al. Analysis of the impact of climate change on grapevines in Turkey using heat unit accumulation–based indices. Int J Biometeorol 66, 2325–2338 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-022-02360-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-022-02360-9