Abstract
Background
Though gastrojejunostomy (GJ) has been a standard palliative procedure for gastric outlet obstruction (GOO), endoscopic stenting (ES) has shown to provide benefits due to its non-invasive approach. The aim of this review is to perform a comprehensive evaluation of ES versus GJ for the palliation of malignant GOO.
Methods
MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases were searched and comparative studies of adult GOO patients undergoing ES or GJ were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcomes were survival time and mortality. Secondary outcomes included technical success, clinical success, reinterventions, days until oral food tolerance, postoperative adjuvant palliative chemotherapy, postoperative morbidities, length of stay (LOS), and costs. Pairwise meta-analyses using inverse-variance random effects were performed.
Results
After identifying 2222 citations, 39 full-text articles fit the inclusion criteria. In total, 3128 ES patients (41.4% female, age: 68.0 years) and 2116 GJ patients (40.4% female, age: 66.8 years) were included. ES patients experienced a shorter survival time (mean difference -24.77 days, 95% Cl − 45.11 to − 4.43, p = 0.02) and were less likely to undergo adjuvant palliative chemotherapy (risk ratio 0.81, 95% Cl 0.70 to 0.93, p = 0.004). The ES group had a shorter LOS, shorter time to oral intake of liquids and solids, and less surgical site infections (risk ratio 0.30, 95% Cl 0.12 to 0.75, p = 0.01). The patients in the ES group were at greater risk of requiring reintervention (risk ratio 2.60, 95% Cl 1.87 to 3.63, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
ES results in less postoperative morbidity and shorter LOS when compared to GJ, however, this may be at the cost of decreased initiation of adjuvant palliative chemotherapy and overall survival, as well as increased risk of reintervention. Both techniques are likely appropriate in select clinical scenarios.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Tringali A, Giannetti A, Adler DG (2019) Endoscopic management of gastric outlet obstruction disease. Ann Gastroenterol 32:330–337
Koop AH, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF (2019) Gastric outlet obstruction: a red flag, potentially manageable. CCJM 86:345–353
Jeong SJ, Lee J (2020) Management of gastric outlet obstruction: Focusing on endoscopic approach. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 11:8–16
Khullar SK, DiSario JA (1996) Gastric outlet obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 6:585–603
Keränen I, Kylänpää L, Udd M, Louhimo J, Lepistö A, Halttunen J, Kokkola A (2013) Gastric outlet obstruction in gastric cancer: a comparison of three palliative methods. J Surg Oncol 108:537–541
Kokkola A, Louhimo J, Puolakkainen P (2012) Does non-curative gastrectomy improve survival in patients with metastatic gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 106:193–196
Baldaque-Silva F (2020) Stent-in-stent for malign obstruction: should we go back to a place where we were happy? GE Port J Gastroenterol 27:375–377
Brune IB, Feussner H, Neuhaus H, Classen M, Siewert JR (1997) Laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy and endoscopic biliary stent placement for palliation of incurable gastric outlet obstruction with cholestasis. Surg Endosc 11:834–837
Zhang LP, Tabzirian P, Nguyen S, Telem D, Divino C (2011) Laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy for the treatment of gastric outlet obstruction. JSLS 15:169–173
Manuel-Vázquez A, Latorre-Fragua R, Ramiro-Pérez C, López-Marcano A, la Plaza-Llamas RD, Ramia JM (2018) Laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy for gastric outlet obstruction in patients with unresectable hepatopancreatobiliary cancers: a personal series and systematic review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol 24:1978–1988
Kozarek RA, Ball TJ, Patterson DJ (1992) Metallic self-expanding stent application in the upper gastrointestinal tract: caveats and concerns. Gastrointest Endosc 38(1):1–6
Johnsson E, Thune A, Liedman B (2004) Palliation of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction with open surgical bypass or endoscopic stenting: clinical outcome and health economic evaluation. World J Surg 28:812–817
Jeurnink S, Polinder S, Steyerberg E, Kuipers E, Siersema P (2010) Cost comparison of gastrojejunostomy versus duodenal stent placement for malignant gastric outlet obstruction. J Gastroenterol 45:537–543
Fiori E, Lamazza A, Demasi E, Decesare A, Schillaci A, Sterpetti AV (2013) Endoscopic stenting for gastric outlet obstruction in patients with unresectable antro pyloric cancer. Systematic review of the literature and final results of a prospective study. the point of view of a surgical group. Am J Surg 206:210–217
Rudolph HU, Post S, Schlüter M, Seitz U, Soehendra N, Kähler G (2011) Malignant gastroduodenal obstruction: retrospective comparison of endoscopic and surgical palliative therapy. Scand J Gastroenterol 46(5):583–590
Sterpetti AV, Fiori E, Sapienza P, Lamazza A (2019) Complications after endoscopic stenting for malignant gastric outlet obstruction: a cohort study. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutaneous Tech 29:169–172
Lopera JE, Brazzini A, Gonzales A, Castaneda-Zuniga WR (2004) Gastroduodenal stent placement: current status. Radiographics 24:1561–1573
Oh SY, Kozarek RA (2015) Management of gastroduodenal stent-related complications. IJGII 4:89–94
Hong J, Chen Y, Li J, Hu P, Chen P, Du N, Huang T, Chen J (2021) Comparison of gastrojejunostomy to endoscopic stenting for gastric outlet obstruction: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Surg S0002–9610(21):00629–00632
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffman TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuiness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Triccio AC, Welsh VA, Whiting P, Moher D (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71
Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, Moher D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thacker SB (2000) Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 283:2008–2012
Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng HY, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM, Emberson JR, Hernán MA, Hopewell S, Hróbjartsson A, Junqueira DR, Jüni P, Kirkham JJ, Lasserson T, Li T, McAleenan A, Reeves BC, Shepperd S, Shrier I, Stewart LA, Tilling K, White IR, Whiting PF, Higgins JPT (2019) RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 366:l4898
Slim K, Nini E, Forestier D, Kwiatkowski F, Panis Y, Chipponi J (2003) Methodological index for non-randomized studies (minors): development and validation of a new instrument. ANZ J Surg 73:712–716
Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, Norris S, Falck-Ytter Y, Glasziou P, DeBeer H, Jaeschke R, Rind D, Meerpohl J, Dahm P, Schünemann HJ (2011) GRADE guidelines: 1. introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol 64:383–394
Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T (2014) Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol 14(1):135
Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (2019) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (UK)
Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327:557–560
Higgins J, Green S (2011). Identifying and measuring heterogeneity. In: Higgins J, Green S. (eds) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 5.1. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (UK)
Lan J (2006) The case of the misleading funnel plot. BMJ 333:597–600
Chandrasegaram MD, Eslick GD, Mansfield CO, Liem H, Richardson M, Ahmed S, Cox MR (2012) Endoscopic stenting versus operative gastrojejunostomy for malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Surg Endosc 26:323–329
Del Piano M, Ballarè M, Montino F, Todesco A, Orsello M, Magnani C, Garello E (2005) Endoscopy or surgery for malignant GI outlet obstruction? Gastrointest Endosc 61:421–426
Shabrawi El, Cerwenka H, Bacher H, Kornpat P, Schweiger J, Mischinger H-J (2006) Treatment of malignant gastric outlet obstruction: endoscopic implantation of self-expanding metal stents versus gastric bypass surgery. Eur Surg 38:451–455
Espinel J, Sanz O, Vivas S, Jorquera F, Muñoz F, Olcoz JL, Pinedo E (2006) Malignant gastrointestinal obstruction: endoscopic stenting versus surgical palliation. Surg Endosc 20:1083–1087
Fiori E, Sterpetti AV, De Cesare A, Lamazza A (2016) Factors leading to improved results for endoscopic stenting for metastatic antropyloric adenocarcinoma. a comparison with gastrojejunostomy. J Gastrointest Surg 20:1802–1806
Fisher AV, Hanlon B, Fernandes-Taylor S, Schumacher JR, Lawson EH, Ronnekleiv-Kelly SM, Minter RM, Weber SM, Abbott DE (2020) Natural history and cost analysis of surgical bypass versus endoscopic stenting for the palliative management of malignant gastric outlet obstruction. HPB (Oxford) 22:529–536
Haga Y, Hiki N, Kinoshita T, Ojima T, Nabeya Y, Kuwabara S, Seto Y, Yajima K, Takeuchi H, Yoshida K, Kodera Y, Fujiwara Y, Baba H (2020) Treatment option of endoscopic stent insertion or gastrojejunostomy for gastric outlet obstruction due to gastric cancer: a propensity score-matched analysis. Gastric Cancer 23:667–676
Jang SH, Shin I, Lee H, Min YW, Min BH, Lee JH, Rhee PL, Kim JJ (2016). Superiority of palliative gastrojejunostomy compared with stent for malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Gastroenterol. s0016–5085: 32929–8.
Jang SH, Lee H, Min BH, Kim SM, Kim HS, Carriere KC, Min YW, Lee JH, Kim JJ (2017) Palliative gastrojejunostomy versus endoscopic stent placement for gastric outlet obstruction in patients with unresectable gastric cancer: a propensity score-matched analysis. Surg Endosc 31:4217–4223
Jang S, Stevens T, Lopez R, Bhatt A, Vargo JJ (2019) Superiority of gastrojejunostomy over endoscopic stenting for palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:1295-1302.e1
Jeurnink SM, Steyerberg EW, Gv H, van Eijck CH, Kuipers EJ, Siersema PD (2007) Gastrojejunostomy versus stent placement in patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction: a comparison in 95 patients. J Surg Oncol 96:389–396
Khashab M, Alawad AS, Shin EJ, Kim K, Bourdel N, Singh VK, Lennon AM, Hutfless S, Sharaiha RZ, Amateau S, Okolo PI, Makary MA, Wolfgang C, Canto MI, Kalloo AN (2013) Enteral stenting versus gastrojejunostomy for palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Surg Endosc 27(6):2068–2075
Kubo A, Ishida E, Yoshida T, Kiyosuke Y, Matsueda K, Yamamoto H (2013) Sa1488 a retrospective review of self-exppandable metallic stents and gastrojejunostomy for malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 77:AB223-AB 224
Leiyuan S, Jianli X, Zhengzhong Z, Guangyan J, Dailiang Z (2018) Comparison of treatment outcomes of endoscopic stenting and laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy for malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Am Surg 84:991–995
López-Sánchez J, Marcos Martín ÁF, Abdel-Lah Fernández O, Quiñones Sampedro JE, Álvarez Delgado A, Esteban Velasco MC, Muñoz-Bellvís L, Parreño-Manchado FC (2019) Stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy versus stent placement for the treatment of malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Cir Esp 97:385–390
Maetani I, Tada T, Ukita T, Inoue H, Sakai Y, Nagao J (2004) Comparison of duodenal stent placement with surgical gastrojejunostomy for palliation in patients with duodenal obstructions caused by pancreaticobiliary malignancies. Endoscopy 36:73–78
Maetani I, Akatsuka S, Ikeda M, Tada T, Ukita T, Nakamura Y, Nagao J, Sakai Y (2005) Self-expandable metallic stent placement for palliation in gastric outlet obstructions caused by gastric cancer: a comparison with surgical gastrojejunostomy. J Gastroenterol 40:932–937
Marya N, Jaaruvongvanich V, Abu Dayyeh BK, Chandrasekhara V, Aerts M, Mp F, Kaura K, Matar R, Oberoi M, Dhaliwal L, Han S, Buttar NS, Wong Kee Song LM, Levy MJ, Sawas T, Storm AC, Truty MJ, Muthusamy VR, Shah RJ, Kunda R (2020) Su1268 A multicenter international study comparing clinical outcomes of eus-guided gastrojejunostomy, surgical gastrojejunostomy, and enteral stenting for patients with gastric outlet obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 91:AB2302–AB2303
Mehta S, Hindmarsh A, Cheong E, Cockburn J, Saada J, Tighe R, Lewis MP, Rhodes M (2006) Prospective randomized trial of laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy versus duodenal stenting for malignant gastric outflow obstruction. Surg Endosc 20:239–242
Mittal A, Windsor J, Woodfield J, Casey P, Lane M (2004) Matched study of three methods for palliation of malignant pyloroduodenal obstruction. Br J Surg 91:205–209
Murakami M, Taneka R, Sakaguchi C, Oka S, Okazaki N, Kawai D, Tsugeno H, Takemoto K (2014). Endoscopic stent placement or surgical gastrojejunostomy for the palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction caused by unresectable or metastatic gastric cancer. United Eur Gastroenterol 2 Suppl 1: A353
No JH, Kim SW, Lim CH, Kim JS, Cho YK, Park JM, Lee IS, Choi MG, Choi KY (2013) Long-term outcome of palliative therapy for gastric outlet obstruction caused by unresectable gastric cancer in patients with good performance status: endoscopic stenting versus surgery. Gastrointest Endosc 78:55–62
Park CH, Park JC, Kim EH, Chung H, An JY, Kim HI, Shin SK, Lee SK, Cheong JH, Hyung WJ, Lee YC, Noh SH, Kim CB (2015) Impact of carcinomatosis and ascites status on long-term outcomes of palliative treatment for patients with gastric outlet obstruction caused by unresectable gastric cancer: stent placement versus palliative gastrojejunostomy. Gastrointest Endosc 81:321–332
Roy A, Kim M, Christein J, Varadarajulu S (2012) Stenting versus gastrojejunostomy for management of malignant gastric outlet obstruction: comparison of clinical outcomes and costs. Surg Endosc 26:3114–3119
Saito H, Ito M, Yoshioko M, Saito S, Masakuni F, Ishiyami S, Fujiwara A, Nasu J, Junji S (2014). Self-expandable metal stents versus surgical gastroenterostomy for palliation of malignant duodenal obstruction. United Eur Gastroenterol 2 Suppl 1: A271
Schmidt C, Gerdes H, Hawkins W, Zucker E, Zhou Q, Riedel E, Jaques D, Markowitz A, Coit D, Schattner M (2009) A prospective observational study examining quality of life in patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Am J Surg 198:92–99
Singh A, Ross W, Lin YL, Atiq M, Davila M, Raju G, BHutani M, Lee J, Fleming J, Weston B, (2011) Outcomes of duodenal stent vs Gastrojejunostomy in patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction - Report from tertiary care cancer center. Am J Gastroenterol 106:525
Singh A, Ross WA, Bhattacharya A, Xiao L, Dekovich AA, Davila M, Raju GS, Lee JE, Fleming JB, Lee JH (2013) Gastrojejunostomy versus enteral self-expanding metal stent placement in patients with a malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Gastrointest Interv 2:94–98
Tsauo J, Yoo MW, Song HY, Hwang DW, Park JH, Ryu MH, Kim SC, Lee JH, Choi KD, Kim JH, Kim DH (2016) Partially-covered stent placement versus surgical gastrojejunostomy for the palliation of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction secondary to pancreatic cancer. Abdom Radiol 41:2233–2240
Uemura S, Iwashita T, Iwata K, Mukai T, Osada S, Sekino T, Adachi T, Kawai M, Yasuda I, Shimizu M (2018) Endoscopic duodenal stent versus surgical gastrojejunostomy for gastric outlet obstruction in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 18:601–607
Wong YT, Brams DM, Munson L, Sanders L, Heiss F, Chase M, Birkett DH (2002) Gastric outlet obstruction secondary to pancreatic cancer: surgical vs endoscopic palliation. Surg Endosc 16:310–312
Yim HB, Jacobson BC, Saltzman JR, Johannes RS, Bounds BC, Lee JH, Shields SJ, Ruymann FW, Van Dam J, Carr-Locke DL (2001) Clinical outcome of the use of enteral stents for palliation of patients with malignant upper GI obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 53:329–332
Yoshida Y, Fukutomi A, Tanaka M, Sugiura T, Kawata N, Kawai S, Kito Y, Hamauchi S, Tsushima T, Yokota T, Todaka A, Machida N, Yamazaki K, Onozawa Y, Yasui H (2017) Gastrojejunostomy versus duodenal stent placement for gastric outlet obstruction in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 17:983–989
Yukimoto T, Morisaki T, Komukai S, Yoshida H, Yamaguchi D, Tsuruoka N, Miyahara K, Sakata Y, Shibasaki S, Tsunada S, Noda T, Yunotani S, Fujimoto K (2018) The palliative effect of endoscopic uncovered self-expandable metallic stent placement versus gastrojejunostomy on malignant gastric outlet obstruction: A pilot study with a retrospective chart review in Saga. Japan Intern Med 57(11):1517–1521
Zheng B, Wang X, Ma B, Tian J, Jiang L, Yang K (2012) Endoscopic stenting versus gastrojejunostomy for palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Dig Endosc 24:71–78
Hosono S, Ohtani H, Arimoto Y, Kanamiya Y (2007) Endoscopic stenting versus surgical gastroenterostomy for palliation of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol 42:283–290
Bian S-B, Shen W-S, Xi H-Q, Wei B, Chen L (2016) Palliative therapy for gastric outlet obstruction caused by unresectable gastric cancer: a meta-analysis comparison of gastrojejunostomy with endoscopic stenting. Chin Med J 129:1113–1121
Mintziras I, Miligkos M, Wächter S, Manoharan J, Bartsch DK (2019) Palliative surgical bypass is superior to palliative endoscopic stenting in patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 33:3153–3164
Minata MK, Bernardo WM, Rocha RS, Morita FH, Aquino JC, Cheng S, Zilberstein B, Sakai P, de Moura EG (2016) Stents and surgical interventions in the palliation of gastric outlet obstruction: a systematic review. Endosc Int Open 4:E1158–E1170
Upchurch E, Ragusa M, Cirocchi R (2018) Stent placement versus surgical palliation for adults with malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Cochrane Database of Sys Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012506.pub2
Nagaraja V, Eslick GD, Cox MR (2014) Endoscopic stenting versus operative gastrojejunostomy for malignant gastric outlet obstruction-a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized trials. J Gastrointest Oncol 5:92–98
Jeurnink SM, van Eijck CH, Steyerberg EW, Kuipers EJ, Siersema PD (2007) Stent versus gastrojejunostomy for the palliation of gastric outlet obstruction: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol 7:18
Ly J, O’Grady G, Mittal A, Plank L, Windsor JA (2010) A systematic review of methods to palliate malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Surg Endosc 24(2):290–297
Jue TL, Storm AC, Naveed M, Fishman DS, Qumseya BJ, McRee AJ, Truty MJ, Khashab MA, Agrawal D, Al-Haddad M, Amateau SK, Buxbaum JL, Calderwood AH, DeWitt J, DiMaio CJ, Fujii-Lau LL, Gurudu SR, Jamil LH, Kwon RS, Law JK, Lee JK, Pawa S, Sawhney MS, Thosani NC, Yang J, Wani SB (2021) ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the management of benign and malignant gastroduodenal obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 93(2):309-322.e4
Siddiqui A, Spechler SJ, Huerta S (2006) Surgical bypass versus endoscopic stenting for malignant gastroduodenal obstruction: a decision analysis. Dig Dis Sci 52:276–281
Funding
No funding or source of support was received for this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Disclosure
Mr. Khamar, Ms. Sachdeva, Ms. Anpalagan, and Drs. Lee, McKechnie, Eskicioglu, Agzarian, Doumouras, and Hong have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Khamar, J., Lee, Y., Sachdeva, A. et al. Gastrojejunostomy versus endoscopic stenting for the palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 37, 4834–4868 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-022-09572-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-022-09572-5