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Determining the extent of cholecystectomy using intraoperative specimen ultrasonography in patients with suspected early gallbladder cancer

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Abstract

Background

Accumulating evidence and guidelines recommend extended cholecystectomy for T1b or greater gallbladder cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of intraoperative ultrasonography of a resected gallbladder specimen (specimen US) for the determination of the extent of cholecystectomy.

Methods

We included 45 patients (34 women; median [interquartile range] age, 66 [57–74] years) who underwent specimen US. After simple laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a gallbladder specimen was examined to evaluate the depth of tumor invasion by specimen US and frozen section examination. With the results of those two examinations, the operating surgeon decided whether to perform extended cholecystectomy. The sensitivity and specificity of specimen US and frozen section examination in diagnosing T1b or greater cancer were, respectively, measured using permanent pathology as the reference standard. The surgeons’ final decisions were evaluated in the same manner as the intraoperative examinations.

Results

Among 22 patients in whom adenocarcinomas were confirmed, 17 patients had T1b or greater cancers. The sensitivity and specificity of specimen US alone were 81 % (95 % CI, 54–96 %) and 85 % (65–96 %), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of frozen section examination alone were 43 % (10–82 %) and 95 % (75–100 %), respectively. Except one patient in whom extended cholecystectomy was intentionally not performed, 14 out of 16 patients (88 %; 95 % CI, 62–98 %) who were finally confirmed as having T1b or greater cancers underwent extended cholecystectomy by the surgeons’ decision based on both specimen US and frozen examination. Out of 28 patients who were finally confirmed as having benign lesions or T1a cancers, 25 (89 %; 72–98 %) underwent simple cholecystectomy.

Conclusion

Specimen US was feasible to be incorporated in clinical practice. Although the diagnostic accuracy of specimen US alone was moderate, the combined use of specimen US and frozen section examination could help the surgeons make correct decisions on the extent of cholecystectomy.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to J. Patrick Barron, Professor Emeritus, Tokyo Medical University, and Adjunct Professor, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, for his pro bono editing of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Korea

    Ji Hoon Park, Young Hoon Kim & Yoon Jin Lee

  2. Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Korea

    Ji Hoon Park, Young Hoon Kim & Yoon Jin Lee

  3. Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si, Korea

    Haeryoung Kim

  4. Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si, Korea

    Yoo-Seok Yoon, Young Rok Choi, Jai Young Cho & Ho-Seong Han

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  1. Ji Hoon Park
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Correspondence to Young Hoon Kim.

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The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article. This study has received funding by the MSIP (Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning), Korea, under the C-ITRC (Convergence Information Technology Research Center) support program (NIPA-2014-H0401-14-1002) supervised by the NIPA (National IT Industry Promotion Agency) and Bracco Diagnostics Inc. (06-2014-262).

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Park, J.H., Kim, Y.H., Kim, H. et al. Determining the extent of cholecystectomy using intraoperative specimen ultrasonography in patients with suspected early gallbladder cancer. Surg Endosc 30, 4229–4238 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-015-4733-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-015-4733-5

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