Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles in Callistemon viminalis extracts and their antimicrobial activities

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the current study, the bottlebrush [Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G. Don] plant was selected for the green synthesis of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles and to evaluate its antibacterial and antifungal activities. Phytochemical screening of C. viminalis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins, tannins, betacyanins, phlobatanins, coumarins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and proteins. To characterize the synthesized Ag and Au NPs, UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy for functional group identification, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) for particle size, and elemental analysis were performed using EDX. The UV–Visible absorption spectra of the green-synthesized Ag and Au nanoparticles were found to have a maximum absorption band at 420 nm for Ag NPs and 525 nm for Au NPs. FE-SEM analysis of the synthesized NPs revealed a circular shape with a size of 100 nm. Elemental analysis was performed for the synthesis of Ag and Au NPs, which confirmed the purity of the nanoparticles. The greenly synthesized Ag and Au NPs were also evaluated for their anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities, which exhibited prominent inhibition activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, C. krusei, Aspergillus sp., and Trichoderma species. The highest zone of inhibition 15.5 ± 0.75 and 15 ± 0.85 mm was observed for Ag NPs against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Similarly, Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus sp. were inhibited by Ag NPs up to 13.5 ± 0.95 and 13 ± 0.70 mm. This work will open doors for the development of new antimicrobial agents using green chemistry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data will be made available on request.

References

  1. Hussain Z, Waheed A, Qureshi RA, Burdi DK, Verspohl EJ, Khan N, Hasan M (2004) The effect of medicinal plants of Islamabad and Murree region of Pakistan on insulin secretion from INS-1 cells. Phytother Res 18(1):73–77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Yuan H, Ma Q, Ye L, Piao G (2016) The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. Molecules 21(5):559

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Ekor M (2014) The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol 4:177

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. van Wyk AS, Prinsloo G (2020) Health, safety and quality concerns of plant-based traditional medicines and herbal remedies. South Afr J Bot 133:54–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chauhan R, Singh S, Kumar V, Kumar A, Kumari A, Rathore S, Kumar R, Singh S (2021) A comprehensive review on biology, genetic improvement, agro and process technology of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Plants 11(1):29

  6. Abdelhady MI, Aly HAH (2012) Antioxidant antimicrobial activities of Callistemon comboynensis essential oil. Free Radic Antioxid 2(1):37–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Brophy JJ, Forster PI, Punruckvong A (1997) Variation in Callistemon viminalis (Myrtaceae): new evidence from leaf essential oils. Aust Syst Bot 10(1):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Salem MZM, El-Hefny M, Nasser RA, Ali HM, El-Shanhorey NA, Elansary HO (2017) Medicinal and biological values of Callistemon viminalis extracts: history, current situation and prospects. Asian Pac J Trop Med 10(3):229–237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Salem MZM, Ali HM, El-Shanhorey NA, Abdel-Megeed A (2013) Evaluation of extracts and essential oil from Callistemon viminalis leaves: antibacterial and antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Asian Pac J Trop Med 6(10):785–791

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mahgoub S, Hashad N, Ali S, Ibrahim R, Said AM, Moharram FA, Mady M (2021) Polyphenolic profile of Callistemon viminalis aerial parts: antioxidant, anticancer and in silico 5-LOX inhibitory evaluations. Molecules 26(9):2481

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Kumar P, Singh P, Kumari K, Mozumdar S, Chandra R (2011) A green approach for the synthesis of gold nanotriangles using aqueous leaf extract of Callistemon viminalis. Materials Lett 65(4):595–597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sherwani MA, Tufail S, Khan AA, Owais M (2015) Gold nanoparticle-photosensitizer conjugate based photodynamic inactivation of biofilm producing cells: potential for treatment of C. albicans infection in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 10(7):e0131684

  13. Mostafavi E, Zarepour A, Barabadi H, Zarrabi A, Truong LB, Medina-Cruz D (2022) Antineoplastic activity of biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles to combat leukemia: beginning a new era in cancer theragnostic. Biotechnol Rep 34:e00714

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bano A, Dawood A, Rida C, Saira F, Malik A, Alkholief M, Ahmad H, Khan MA, Ahmad Z, Bazighifan O (2023) Enhancing catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles in a standard redox reaction by investigating the impact of AuNPs size, temperature and reductant concentrations. Sci Rep 13:12359

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Tang J, Shi H, Ma G, Luo L, Tang Z (2020) Ultrasmall Au and Ag nanoclusters for biomedical applications: a review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:1019

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Rabiee N, Ahmadi S, Akhavan O, Luque R (2022) Silver and gold nanoparticles for antimicrobial purposes against multi-drug resistance bacteria. Material 15(5):1799

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ozdal M, Gurkok S (2022) Recent advances in nanoparticles as antibacterial agent. ADMET DMPK 10(2):115–129

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Bahrulolum H, Nooraei S, Javanshir N, Tarrahimofrad H, Mirbagheri VS, Easton AJ, Ahmadian G (2021) Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using microorganisms and their application in the agrifood sector. J Nanobiotechnology 19(1):86

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Mourdikoudis S, Pallares RM, Thanh NTK (2018) Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties. Nanoscale 10:12871–12934

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Rahman H, Rauf A, Khan SA, Ahmad Z, Alshammari A, Alharbi M, Alam A, Suleria HAR (2023) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Rhazya stricta Decne extracts and their anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activities. Crystals 13(3):398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Mahmoud II, Marzouk MSA, Moharram J, Nolte J, Fobbe R, Saleh MI (2000) Chemical composition of the Egyptian Callistemon lanceolatus DC. and Callistemon viminalis (Gaertner loudan) oils. Bull Fac Pharm 40:119–112

    Google Scholar 

  22. Saad AM, Abdel-Aleem AH, Ghareeb MA, Hamed MA, AbdelAziz MS, Hadad AH (2017) In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and green biosynthesis of silver & gold nanoparticles using Callistemon citrinus leaf extract. J App Pharm Sci 7(06):141–149

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Nayem SMA, Sultana N, Haque MA, Miah B, Hasan MM, Islam T, Hasan MM, Awal A, Uddin J, Aziz MA, Ahammad AJS (2020) Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles by using Amorphophallus paeoniifolius tuber extract and evaluation of their antibacterial activity. Molecules 25(20):4773

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Lomelí-Rosales DA, Zamudio-Ojeda A, Reyes-Maldonado OK, López-Reyes ME, Basulto-Padilla GC, Lopez-Naranjo EJ, Zuñiga-Mayo VM, Velázquez-Juárez G (2022) Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Capsicum chinense plant. Molecules 27(5):1692

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Larayetan R, Ololade ZS, Ogunmola OO, Ladokun A (2019) Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, antitrypanosomal, and antimalarial potentials of the crude extracts of Callistemon citrinus. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019:5410923

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Thatyana M, Dube NP, Kemboi D, Manicum A-LE, Mokgalaka-Fleischmann NS, Tembu JV (2023) Advances in phytonanotechnology: A plant-mediated green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using Phyllanthus plant extracts and their antimicrobial and anticancer applications. Nanomaterials 13(19):2616

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Oyedeji OO, Lawal OA, Shode FO, Oyedeji AO (2009) Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Callistemon citrinus and Callistemon viminalis from South Africa. Molecules 14(6):1990–1998

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Mobaraki F, Momeni M, Jahromi M, Kasmaie FM, Barghbani M, Yazdi MET, Hosseini SM (2022) Apoptotic, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of synthesized AgNPs using green tea against human testicular embryonic cancer stem cells. Process Biochem 119:106–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Makarov VV, Love AJ, Sinitsyna OV, Makarova SS, Yaminsky IV, Taliansky ME, Kalinina NO (2014) “Green” nanotechnologies: synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Acta Naturae 6(1):35–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Wan Mat Khalir WKA, Shameli K, Jazayeri SD, Othman NA, Che Jusoh NW, Hassan NM (2020) Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles by aqueous stem extract of Entada spiralis and screening of their biomedical activity. Front Chem 8:620

    Article  ADS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Shakerimanesh K, Bayat F, Shahrokhi A, Baradaran A, Yousefi E, Mashreghi M, Es-Haghi A, Yazdi MET (2022) Biomimetic synthesis and characterisation of homogenouse gold nanoparticles and estimation of its cytotoxity against breast cancer cell line. Mater Technol 37(13):2853–2860

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Elbeshehy EK, Elazzazy AM, Aggelis G (2015) Silver nanoparticles synthesis mediated by new isolates of Bacillus spp., nanoparticle characterization and their activity against Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus and human pathogens. Front Microbiol 6:453

  33. Mousavi-Kouhi SM, Beyk-Khormizi A, Amiri MS, Mashreghi M, Hashemzadeh A, Mohammadzadeh V, Alavi F, Mottaghipisheh J, Sarafraz Ardakani MR, Yazdi MET (2023) Plant gel-mediated synthesis of gold-coated nanoceria using Ferula gummosa: characterization and estimation of its cellular toxicity toward breast cancer cell lines. J Funct Biomat 14(7):332

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Efavi JK, Nyankson E, Kyeremeh K, Manu GP, Asare K, Yeboah N (2022) Monodispersed AgNPs synthesized from the nanofactories of Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) leaves and pod husk and their antimicrobial activity. Int J Biomater 2022:4106558

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Wang L, Hu C, Shao L (2017) The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: present situation and prospects for the future. Int J Nanomedicine 12:1227–1249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Mitchell MJ, Billingsley MM, Haley RM, Wechsler ME, Peppas NA, Langer R (2021) Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 20(2):101–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Moradi F, Ghaedi A, Fooladfar Z, Bazrgar A (2023) Recent advance on nanoparticles or nanomaterials with anti-multidrug resistant bacteria and anti-bacterial biofilm properties: a systematic review. Heliyon 9(11):e22105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Bruna T, Maldonado-Bravo F, Jara P, Caro N (2021) Silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial applications. Int J Mol Sci 22(13):7202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Yusuf A, Almotairy ARZ, Henidi H, Alshehri OY, Aldughaim MS (2023) Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems: a review of the implication of nanoparticles’ physicochemical properties on responses in biological systems. Polymers 15(7):1596

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Rahisuddin A-T, Khan Z, Manzoor N (2015) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial and antifungal activities towards gram-positive, gram-negative bacterial strains and different species of Candida fungus. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 38(9):1773–1781

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rahisuddin A (2016) Extracellular synthesis of silver dimer nanoparticles using Callistemon viminalis (bottlebrush) extract and evaluation of their antibacterial activity. Spectrosc Lett 49(4):268–275

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Téllez-de-Jesús DG, Flores-Lopez NS, Cervantes-Chávez JA, Hernández-Martínez AR (2021) Antibacterial and antifungal activities of encapsulated Au and Ag nanoparticles synthesized using Argemone mexicana L extract, against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and Candida albicans. Surf Interfaces 27:101456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Khatoon UT, Rao GVSN, Mohan MK, Ramanaviciene A, Ramanavicius A (2018) Comparative study of antifungal activity of silver and gold nanoparticles synthesized by facile chemical approach. J Env Chem Eng 6(5):5837–5844

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the higher Education Commission of Pakistan for funding this research project under project No. 7343 NRPU/R&D/HEC/2017.

Funding

This paper was supported by the KU Research Professor Program of Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23561, Pakistan

    Shahid Khan, Abdur Rauf, Zubair Ahmad & Shahid Ali Khan

  2. Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia

    Abdullah S. M. Aljohani

  3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Yahya S. Al-Awthan & Omar S. Bahattab

  4. Department, of Biotechnology, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, KPK, Pakistan

    Shehla Khan

  5. Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan

    Muhammad Saadiq

  6. Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India

    Rekha Thiruvengadam

  7. Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea

    Muthu Thiruvengadam

Authors
  1. Shahid Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdur Rauf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abdullah S. M. Aljohani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yahya S. Al-Awthan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zubair Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Omar S. Bahattab
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Shehla Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Muhammad Saadiq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Shahid Ali Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Rekha Thiruvengadam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Muthu Thiruvengadam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conception and design of study: SK, SK and AR; acquisition of data: MS and SAK; Drafting the manuscript: ASMA, YSAl-A; revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content: ZAOSB, RT and MT. All authors approved the final version of the MS.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Abdur Rauf or Rekha Thiruvengadam.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khan, S., Rauf, A., Aljohani, A.S.M. et al. Green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles in Callistemon viminalis extracts and their antimicrobial activities. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-024-02994-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-024-02994-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation