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Immobilized lipase-catalyzed transesterification for synthesis of biolubricant from palm oil methyl ester and trimethylolpropane

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Abstract

The present study reports the effects of three commercial immobilized lipases namely Novozyme 435 from Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB), Lipozyme TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus and Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei on the production of trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester from high oleic palm methyl ester (HO-PME) and TMP. The TMP ester is a promising base oil for biolubricants that are easily biodegradable and non-toxic to humans and the environment. Enzymatic catalysts are insensitive to free fatty acid (FFA) content, hence able to mitigate the side reactions and consequently reduce product separation cost. The potential of these enzymes to produce TMP ester in a solvent-free medium was screened at various reaction time (8, 23, 30 and 48 h), operating pressure (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mbar) and enzyme dosage (1, 3, 5 and 10% w/w). The reaction was conducted at a constant temperature of 70 °C and a molar ratio of 3.9:1 (HO-PME: TMP). Novozyme 435 produced the highest yield of TMP ester of 95.68 ± 3.60% under the following conditions: 23 h reaction time, 0.1 mbar operating pressure and 5% w/w of enzyme dosage. The key lubrication properties of the produced TMP ester are viscosity index (208 ± 2), pour point (− 30 ± − 2 °C), cloud point (− 15 ± − 2 °C), onset thermal degradation temperature (427.8 °C), and oxidation stability, RPVOT (42 ± 4 min). The properties of the TMP ester produced from the enzymatic transesterification are comparable to other vegetable oil-based biolubricants produced by chemical transesterification.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Director General of the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) and Universiti Putra Malaysia for the financial support to conduct this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy and Environment Unit, Engineering and Processing Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Nur Sulihatimarsyila Abd Wafti & Harrison Lik Nang Lau

  2. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Nur Sulihatimarsyila Abd Wafti, Robiah Yunus & Thomas Choong Shean Yaw

  3. Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Robiah Yunus

  4. Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Suraini Abdul Aziz

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  1. Nur Sulihatimarsyila Abd Wafti
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  2. Robiah Yunus
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Contributions

NSAW conceptualized, investigated, carried out all the experimental work, interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. RY supervised, validated the study and reviewed the manuscript. HLNL and SAA supervised and validated the methodology of the study. TCSY contributed to data interpretation. All authors contributed to manuscript editing and approved the final version of manuscript.

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Correspondence to Robiah Yunus.

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Wafti, N.S.A., Yunus, R., Lau, H.L.N. et al. Immobilized lipase-catalyzed transesterification for synthesis of biolubricant from palm oil methyl ester and trimethylolpropane. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 44, 2429–2444 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-021-02615-6

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