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A purely green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Carica papaya, Manihot esculenta, and Morinda citrifolia: synthesis and antibacterial evaluations

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Abstract

Green procedure for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is currently considered due to its economy and toxic-free effects. Several existing works on synthesizing AgNPs using leaves extract still involve the use of physical or mechanical treatment such as heating or stirring, which consume a lot of energy. To extend and explore the green extraction philosophy, we report here the synthesis and antibacterial evaluations of a purely green procedure to synthesize AgNPs using Carica papaya, Manihot esculenta, and Morinda citrifolia leaves extract without the aforementioned additional treatment. The produced AgNPs were characterized using the ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and antibacterial investigations. For antibacterial tests, two bacteria namely Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus were selected. The presently employed method has successfully produced spherical AgNPs having sizes ranging from 9 to 69 nm, with plasmonic characteristics ranging from 356 to 485 nm, and energy-dispersive X-ray peak at approximately 3 keV. In addition, the smallest particles can be produced when Manihot esculenta leaves extract was applied. Moreover, this study also confirmed that both the leaves and synthesized AgNPs exhibit the antibacterial capability, depending on their concentration and the bacteria type.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for Grants (R.J130000.7809.4F619 and Q.J130000.2522.14H40), respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

    Achmad Syafiuddin,  Salmiati & Mohd Razman Salim

  2. Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

    Salmiati & Mohd Razman Salim

  3. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Tony Hadibarata

  4. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Construction Research Centre (CRC), Institute for Smart Infrastructure and Innovative Construction (ISIIC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

    Ahmad Beng Hong Kueh

  5. Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Kawasan Puspiptek Serpong, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia

    Ajeng Arum Sari

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  1. Achmad Syafiuddin
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Syafiuddin, A., Salmiati, Hadibarata, T. et al. A purely green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Carica papaya, Manihot esculenta, and Morinda citrifolia: synthesis and antibacterial evaluations. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 40, 1349–1361 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-017-1793-z

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