Abstract
The exsolution, rise, expansion, and separation of volatiles from magma provide the driving force behind both effusive and explosive volcanic eruptions. The field of volcanic gas geochemistry therefore plays a key role in understanding volcanism. In this article, we summarize the most important findings of the past few decades and how these shape today’s understanding of volcanic degassing. We argue that the recent advent of automated, continuous geochemical monitoring at volcanoes now allows us to track activity from unrest to eruption, thus providing valuable insights into the behavior of volatiles throughout the entire sequence. In the next 10 years, the volcanological community stands to benefit from the expansion of geochemical monitoring networks to many more active volcanoes. This, along with technical advances in instrumentation and in particular the increasing role that unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) and satellite-based observations are likely to play in collecting volcanic gas measurements, will provide a rich dataset for testing hypotheses and developing diagnostic tools for eruption forecasts. The use of consistent, well-documented analytical methods and ensuring free, public access to the collected data with few restrictions will be most beneficial to the advancement of volcanic gas science.
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Data availability
The data presented in this article are mostly available from previous publications (see references). All USGS data have been released in cited references. Any additional data can be provided by the authors upon request.
Code availability
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References
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Tobias Fischer, Tricia Nadeau, and an anonymous reviewer for their suggestions which helped to improve the manuscript. We also thank Allan Lerner for insightful discussions in developing the content.
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The authors’ participation in the development of this manuscript was funded by their individual institutions which include the US Government. AA received funding from the Italian Ministero Istruzione Università e Ricerca (Miur, Grant N. 2017LMNLAW).
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CK developed the outline for this review and led the writing of the manuscript. AA and MdM assisted in the writing, provided the data for the Turrialba example, and drafted the figures. CK revised the figures. All the authors revised the manuscript in preparation for submission.
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This paper constitutes part of a topical collection:
Looking Backwards and Forwards in Volcanology: A Collection of Perspectives on the Trajectory of a Science
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Kern, C., Aiuppa, A. & de Moor, J.M. A golden era for volcanic gas geochemistry?. Bull Volcanol 84, 43 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01556-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01556-6