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The violent Strombolian eruption of 10 ka Pelado shield volcano, Sierra Chichinautzin, Central Mexico

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Abstract

Pelado volcano is a typical example of an andesitic Mexican shield with a summital scoria cone. It erupted ca. 10 ka in the central part of an elevated plateau in what is today the southern part of Mexico City. The volcano forms a roughly circular, 10-km wide lava shield with two summital cones, surrounded by up to 2.7-m thick tephra deposits preserved up to a distance of 3 km beyond the shield. New cartographic, stratigraphic, granulometric, and componentry data indicate that Pelado volcano was the product of a single, continuous eruption marked by three stages. In the early stage, a > 1.5-km long fissure opened and was active with mild explosive activity. Intermediate and late stages were mostly effusive and associated with the formation of a 250-m high lava shield. Nevertheless, during these stages, the emission of lava alternated and/or coexisted with highly explosive events that deposited a widespread tephra blanket. In the intermediate stage, multiple vents were active along the fissure, but activity was centered at the main cone during the late stage. The final activity was purely effusive. The volcano emitted > 0.9 km3 dense-rock equivalent (DRE) of tephra and up to 5.6 km3 DRE of lavas. Pelado shares various features with documented “violent Strombolian” eruptions, including a high fragmentation index, large dispersal area, occurrence of plate tephra, high eruptive column, and simultaneous explosive and effusive activity. Our results suggest that the associated hazards (mostly tephra fallout and emplacement of lava) would seriously affect areas located up to 25 km from the vent for fallout and 5 km from the vent for lava, an important issue for large cities built near or on potentially active zones, such as Mexico City.

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Acknowledgments

Institutional and logistic support was provided by the Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Analytical costs were supported by the Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico UNAM-DGAPA projects PAPIIT IN105615 and IN113517 assigned to Marie-Noëlle Guilbaud. The present work was carried out with the aid of a Masters Graduate Fellowship from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to Ainhoa Lorenzo-Merino (2014–2016). The authors wish to thank Gustavo Vivó Vázquez for his invaluable help both in the field and with the ArcGIS software, Armando Vázquez Camargo and Nestor López Valdez for fieldwork support, Lilia Arana for analytical assistance at the Laboratorio de Sedimentología Volcánica of the Instituto de Geofísica UNAM, and Carlos Linares for technical assistance in the acquisition of backscattered electron images at the Laboratorio Universitario de Petrología LUP-UNAM. Two anonymous reviewers, Costanza Bonadonna (associate editor), James White, and Andrew Harris (executive editors) provided insightful comments that greatly improved the manuscript.

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  1. Departamento de Vulcanología, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Del. Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México

    A. Lorenzo-Merino & M.-N. Guilbaud

  2. Posgrado ESIA-Ticomán, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, 07340, Ciudad de México, México

    J. Roberge

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  1. A. Lorenzo-Merino
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  3. J. Roberge
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Correspondence to A. Lorenzo-Merino.

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Site location coordinates and stratigraphic columns of tephra deposits (PDF 600 kb)

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Granulometry, componentry and vesicularity data (PDF 314 kb)

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Thinning method fit for the tephra deposits (PDF 355 kb)

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Lorenzo-Merino, A., Guilbaud, MN. & Roberge, J. The violent Strombolian eruption of 10 ka Pelado shield volcano, Sierra Chichinautzin, Central Mexico. Bull Volcanol 80, 27 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-018-1208-2

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