Abstract
Resource use by consumers across patches is often proportional to the quantity or quality of the resource within these patches. In folivores, such proportional use of resources is likely to be more efficient when plants are spatially proximate, such as trees forming a forest canopy. However, resources provided by forest-trees are often not used proportionally. We hypothesised that proportional use of resources is reduced when host trees are isolated among phylogenetically distant neighbours that mask olfactory and visual search cues, and reduce folivore movement between trees. Such phylogenetically distant neighbourhoods might sort out species that are specialists, poor dispersers, or have poor access to information about leaf quality. We studied individual oaks, their leaf size and quality, their folivory and abundance of folivores (mostly Lepidopteran ectophages, gallers and miners), and parasitism of folivores. We found that leaf consumption by ectophages hardly increased with increasing leaf size when host trees were phylogenetically isolated. We found a similar effect on host use by parasitoids in 1 year. In contrast, we found no consistent effects in other folivore guilds. Relative abundances of specialists and species with wingless females declined with phylogenetic isolation. However, resource use within each of these groups was inconsistently affected by phylogenetic isolation. We suggest that phylogenetic isolation prevents ectophages from effectively choosing trees with abundant resources, and also sorts out species likely to recruit in situ on their host tree. Trees in phylogenetically distant neighbourhoods may be selected for larger leaves and greater reliance on induced defences.
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The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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The R-codes used for the data analyses during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Guillaume Gauthier from LiberTree for the climbing training, Cynthia Gauthier, Amaury Brault and Elisa Grégoire for their help in sampling and rearing, the Office National des Forêts for logistic support, and Christa Schaffellner’s team for support in the 2006’s chemical analyses. We also thank Mickael Pihain and Loréne Julia Marchand for fruitful discussions and insightful comments. This work is supported by an ACOMB grant from the Région Bretagne, an ATIP grant from CNRS. BY was supported by a doctoral grant from Région Bretagne and CNRS, and SM was supported by a doctoral grant from the Ministry of Research and Education (France), a travel grant from doctoral school EGAAL, and a mobility grant from Region de Bretange.
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This study was funded by an ACOMB grant from the Région Bretagne, an ATIP grant from CNRS. BY was supported by a doctoral grant from Région Bretagne and CNRS, and SM was supported by a doctoral grant from the Ministry of Research and Education (France).
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SM, AP, FM, and JM: conceptualized the study and developed it. BY, RB and FJ: produced the data. SM: analysed the data. SM, FM and AP: drafted the initial manuscript. All authors edited the manuscript.
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Communicated by Riccardo Bommarco.
Trees surrounded by phylogenetically distant neighbours are little used by specialist leaf-chewers. Thus, such trees can have large leaves without suffering extensive leaf damage.
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Mallick, S., Molleman, F., Yguel, B. et al. Ectophagous folivores do not profit from rich resources on phylogenetically isolated trees. Oecologia 201, 1–18 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-022-05260-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-022-05260-2