Abstract
Two distinct syndromes arise from pathogenic variants in the X-linked gene BCOR (BCL-6 corepressor): oculofaciocardiodental (OFCD) syndrome, which affects females, and a severe microphthalmia (‘Lenz’-type) syndrome affecting males. OFCD is an X-linked dominant syndrome caused by a variety of BCOR null mutations. As it manifests only in females, it is presumed to be lethal in males. The severe male X-linked recessive microphthalmia syndrome (‘Lenz’) usually includes developmental delay in addition to the eye findings and is caused by hypomorphic BCOR variants, mainly by a specific missense variant c.254C > T, p.(Pro85Leu). Here, we detail 16 new cases (11 females with 4 additional, genetically confirmed, affected female relatives; 5 male cases each with unaffected carrier mothers). We describe new variants and broaden the phenotypic description for OFCD to include neuropathy, muscle hypotonia, pituitary underdevelopment, brain atrophy, lipoma and the first description of childhood lymphoma in an OFCD case. Our male X-linked recessive cases show significant new phenotypes: developmental delay (without eye anomalies) in two affected half-brothers with a novel BCOR variant, and one male with high myopia, megalophthalmos, posterior embryotoxon, developmental delay, and heart and bony anomalies with a previously undescribed BCOR splice site variant. Our female OFCD cases and their affected female relatives showed variable features, but consistently had early onset cataracts. We show that a mosaic carrier mother manifested early cataract and dental anomalies. All female carriers of the male X-linked recessive cases for whom genetic confirmation was available showed skewed X-inactivation and were unaffected. In view of the extended phenotype, we suggest a new term of X-linked BCOR-related syndrome.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge generous support from the families published in this article. This work was supported by Grants from the Clinical Research Hospital Program from the French Ministry of Health (PHRC 09 109 01), the Fondation of France, the Fondation Maladies Rares, Berthe Fouassier, Rétina France, VICTA (Visually Impaired Children Taking Action), MACS (Microphthalmia, Anophthalmia Coloboma Support), Baillie Gifford, Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III (CP12/03256), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2013-46943-R) and Mutua Madrileña Foundation. The DDD study presents independent research commissioned by the Health Innovation Challenge Fund [Grant Number HICF-1009-003], a parallel funding partnership between the Wellcome Trust and the Department of Health, and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Grant Number WT098051]. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Wellcome Trust or the Department of Health. The study has UK Research Ethics Committee approval (10/H0305/83, granted by the Cambridge South REC, and GEN/284/12 granted by the Republic of Ireland REC). The research team acknowledges the support of the National Institute for Health Research, through the Comprehensive Clinical Research Network. This study makes use of DECIPHER (http://decipher.sanger.ac.uk), which is funded by the Wellcome Trust.
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439_2018_1896_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx
Supplementary Table 1: Summary of Clinical Features and Variants of Published cases identified with BCOR variants (including current series) (XLSX 24 KB)
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Ragge, N., Isidor, B., Bitoun, P. et al. Expanding the phenotype of the X-linked BCOR microphthalmia syndromes. Hum Genet 138, 1051–1069 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-018-1896-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-018-1896-x